Term
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Definition
| Pressure and Volume are inversely related. V increases as P decreases. |
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Term
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Definition
| Total pressure is the sum of each gasses pressure (sum of partial pressures). |
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Term
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Definition
| is a protective reflex that cleans airways with an explosive expiration to remove foreign particles. |
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Term
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Definition
| SOB, caused by increased airway resistance, breathing is uncomfortable, flared nostrils and use of accessory muscles. |
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Term
| When breathing the diaphragm |
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Definition
During inhalation the diaphragm contracts.
During exhalation the diaphragm is relaxed. |
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Term
| Atmospheric pressure at sea level |
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Definition
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Term
| Alveolar pressure during inhalation |
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Definition
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Term
| Alveolar pressure during exhalation |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Normal breathing volume(500 mL). |
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Term
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Definition
| Inhalation in excess of normal inhalation volume (1900 to 3100 mL). |
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Term
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Definition
| Exhalation in excess of normal exhalation volume (700 to 1200 mL). |
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Term
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Definition
| Inspiratory reserve, expiratory reserve, and tidal volume combined (3100 to 4800mL). |
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Term
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Definition
| Sharp, stabbing pain associated with breathing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sputum is mucus mixed with substances in lower respiratory tract. Changes (color, consistency, odor, and amount) provides information about a disease and disease progression. |
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Term
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Definition
| Coughing up blood or bloody secretions. Usually bright red and localized infection or inflammation causes damage to the bronchi or alveolar capillary membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| Decrease in blood pH causes hyperventilation. Results in increased respiratory rate, increase in tidal volume, and no expiratory pause. |
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Term
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Definition
| Increased work of breathing, obstruction of large and small airways |
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Term
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Definition
| particles that cannot be absorbed or excreted are trapped in the lungs. Stiffens the lungs and chest wall and decreases elasticity. Small tidal volume and tachypnea. |
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Term
| Cheyne-Stokes Respirations |
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Definition
| Bizarre breathing pattern because of alternating apnea and hyperpnea. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bluish discoloration of mucous membranes and the skin caused by increased amounts of deoxygenated hemoglobin. |
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Term
| What is blood oxygenation? |
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Definition
O2 sat 97-99% in arterial blood.
O2 sat 75% in venous blood. |
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Term
| Cyanotic blood oxygenation |
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Definition
| O2 sat <85% in arterial blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| Increased connective tissue and vasculature in fingers/toes because of chronic anoxia. |
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Term
| Pulmonary ventilation (V) |
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Definition
V=Amount of air (in liters) entering lungs per minute.
Va=amount of air (in liters) entering alveoli per minute. |
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Term
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Definition
| amount of blood that flows through the lung capillaries each minute. |
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Term
| Ventilation-perfusion coupling |
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Definition
The matching of pulmonary blood flow to oxygen.
Ventilation of alveoli=4.5L
Perfusion lung capillaries=5L |
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Term
| Ventilation to Perfusion ratio |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Is a respiratory process that occurs in capillaries in which O2 is delivered to tissues and CO2 is carried back to lungs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Is O2/CO2 exchange in the lung capillaries. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Air that has leaked into the pleural cavity which prevents thorax from developing a pressure difference. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any abnormal structure in the alveoli of the lung. If alveoli are grapes then grapes are smashed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any abnormal or excess liquid in the alveoli that interferes with external respiration (gas exchange). |
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Term
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Definition
| Mechanism of pulmonary edema ie CHF. |
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Term
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Definition
| increase in lung capillary permeability that allows blood or plasma into alveoli. |
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Term
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Definition
| Remodeling of the bronchi due to chronic inflammation. Bronchial smooth muscle replaced by connective tissue. Increases the width of the lumen but mucus narrows it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Is chronic inflammation of the bronchioles. Connective tissue replaces smooth muscle. Narrowing of the bronchiole lumen. |
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Term
| Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) |
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Definition
| Acute lung inflammation and diffuse alveolocapillary injury. Progressive deterioration of oxygenation results in respiratory difficulty or failure. |
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Term
| ARDS is the most severe in... |
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Definition
| Adults. Can also occur in children. |
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Term
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Definition
| Some sort of injury to the alveolar-capillary membrane. |
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Term
| What does Neutrophils lead to in ARDS |
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Definition
| Pulmonary vasoconstriction, vascular occlusion and pulmonary hypertension. |
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Term
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Definition
| Surrounds the alveolar space preventing any fluid from interfering with gas exchange. |
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Term
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Definition
| Produce surfactant. Surfactant reduces the surface tension of the liquid layer that moistens the alveolar walls. |
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Term
| ARDS effects the alveoli how |
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Definition
| The alveolar membrane breaks allowing flooding of the alveoli space preventing gas exchange. |
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Term
| ARDS creates what membrane |
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Definition
| Hyaline membrane. Protien and enzymes make it a jelly like substance. No gas exchange can occur. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| ARDS affects the heart by |
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Definition
| ARDS increases pulmonary hypertension which leads to right sided hypertrophy. |
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Term
| Obstructive Pulmonary Disease |
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Definition
| Diseases that cause permanent narrowing of the small bronchi in which expiratory flow is slowed. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Asthma, Emphysema, and Bronchitis |
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Term
|
Definition
| Airway obstruction of the bronchiole smooth muscle. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Structural alterations. Alveoli loses elasticity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Thick mucus with neutrophils. |
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Term
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Definition
| Smooth muscle spasm and inflammation. Bronchoconstriction and excess mucus production. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inhaled Bronchodilators which decrease smooth muscle spasm. Anti-inflammatory agents(glucocorticoids and leukotriene receptor blockers). These decrease mucus production and releases inflammatory mediators. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cigarette smoking. The smoke inhibits a lung enzyme called antitrypsinase. Also makes alveolar remodeling. Pt's with antitrypsinase deficiency spontaneously gets Emphysema. |
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Term
| How does Emphysema affect breathing |
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Definition
| Inspiration is intact while the ability to exhale is reduced. Lungs become over inflated. Muscles in chest wall have to work harder to expel the air. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Smoking, air pollutants, and infections. |
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Term
| Bronchitis affects the lungs by |
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Definition
| Inflammation and thickening of the respiratory membranes and accumulation of mucus and pus. |
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