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| A list of steps used to carry out an experiment. These steps include observation, hypothesis, etc. |
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| Italian scientist who is credited with the first telescope, as well as helping with the discovery that the planets did revolve around the Sun (learned from observing Jupiter's moons). He was persecuted by the Catholic Church for his work. |
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| Scientist who developed the Scientific Method. |
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| German astronomer and mathematician who proved Copernicus' the planets revolve around the sun. He also discovered thats the planets move in ellipses. |
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| England's first prime minister |
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| Rousseau's famous work in which he claimed that individuals should give up their rights to the general good will of the people. |
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| Rival of John Locke who interpreted the idea of natural law to mean absolute monarchy is the best form of monarchy |
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| Rival of Thomas Hobbes who interpreted natural law to develop the idea of natural rights, or that every human being has basic rights given to them at birth. He believed democracy was the best form of government. |
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| A period of time within the 1600s and 1700s in which people became more secular, a total reformation in the arts occurs, and more emphasis is placed on the sciences. |
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| The chief executive of a parliamentary government. |
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| The effort by writers, artists, and architects to capture the ideals of the Ancient Greeks and Romans, whom they believed represented ultimate order and reason. |
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| Philosophe of the Enlightenment who believed that government should be separated into three branches. His real name was Charles-Louis de Secondat. |
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| A revolution of scientific ideas occurring in the 1600s. Held back for some time by the Catholic Church, this revolution was based primarily off of ideas from the Ancient Greeks and Romans. |
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| French philosopher of the 1700s who criticized the enlightenment as being excessively reliant on order and reason and more on emotion and instinct. He published many of his ideas in his most famous work, "A Social Contract." |
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| Supporters of Parliament and the Puritans during the English Civil War. |
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| Supporters of the king during the English Civil War. |
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| Petition given by Parliament to King Charles I which severely limited his power in 4 ways. 1. the king was forbidden to collect taxes and force loans without Parliament permission. 2. the king could not imprison anyone without just cause. 3. troops could not be housed in public home without the will of the owner. 4. the king could not declare martial law unless his country was at war. |
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| War between Parliament and the king which resulted in a victory for the Parliament and King Charles' execution. |
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| General of the Roundheads during the English Civil War. He later dismisses the Rump Parliament and names himself Lord Protector with the backing of the military. |
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| The returning of power to the English royal family after military rule under Cromwell. |
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| Law stating that no person could be held in jail without just cause or without a trial. |
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| The changing of power between James II and William III and Mary II that required no bloodshed. |
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| Laws stating that 1. the king could not raise taxes without the consent of Parliament and could not suspend laws 2. Parliament should be held often 3. certain individual rights. |
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| Law that prevented any Catholic from inheriting the throne. |
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| A meeting of delegates from each of the estates that is called together by the king. |
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| largest estate made up of the peasants and bourgeoisie that has very little rights and privileges. |
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| the nobility of France. They enjoyed many privileges and lived in great style. |
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| The effort by the Jacobins to crush any opposition and have full power. An estimated 40,000 people were killed in swift trials with harsh punishments in which many innocent people died. |
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| Originally a French military leader, Napoleon eventually takes over power in the French government. He forms a massive empire which rules much of Europe for a long period of time until he is exiled to Saint Helena. He introduces many changes in government with many Enlightenment principles. |
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| Leader of the Jacobins, the Committee of Public Safety and the reason for the Reign of Terror. He was eventually executed. |
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| On July 14th, 1789, this Paris prison was taken over by angry rioters. This event led to the formation of a revolutionary government in Paris. |
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| A complete restructuring of French law which introduces many Enlightenment principles and limited others. Many declare this as Napoleon's greatest achievement. |
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| Meeting of the major European powers after the fall of Napoleon's empire to discuss the restructuring of Europe. |
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| The alliance between Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia to maintain the settlements of the Congress of Vienna. |
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| An oath made by the National Assembly which claimed they would not disband until they had created a constitution for France. |
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| a persons right over others to have the throne |
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| the middle-class of Paris |
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| Nobles who fled France who tried to restore Louis XVI to the throne. |
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| King of France during the revolution. He resisted changes and eventually tried to flee France with his wife Marie Antoinette. He was eventually executed. |
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| Host of the Congress of Vienna. Believed that in order to establish stability, Europe should be restored back to the way it was before the French Revolution. |
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| The tactic used by the Russians in which they burned everything as they went deeper into Russia which prevented the French from replenishing their supplies. |
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| Battle in which the Duke of Wellington finally defeats Napoleon permanently. |
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| A group of 5 men of the bourgeoisie who ruled France after the Reign of Terror. Napoleon eventually removes the committee from power. |
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| Committee of Public Safety |
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| A committee formed by the National Convention which turned the French Revolution into the first "people's war." It was controlled by the Jacobin's during the Reign of Terror. |
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| Declaration of the Rights of Man |
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| Group of laws created by the National Assembly which incorporates the ideas of the Enlightenment including Locke, Montesquieu, and Rousseau. It states that all men are equal before the law and guarantees freedom of speech, press, and religion, and protected against arbitrary arrest and punishment. |
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| Policy enforced by Napoleon that forbade all European nations he had conquered from trading with the British. The British responded by saying any ship on its way to a European port had to stop in Britain first. The Continental System fails and is considered to be one of Napoleon's greatest mistakes. |
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| a meeting place of Parisian intellectuals to discuss enlightenment topics. |
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| discovered that human actions were unconcious reactions to stimuli |
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| father of genetics, he discovered that traits can be passed from parent to offspring through genes |
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| hit-and-run style tactics |
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| a business owned by stockholders |
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| groups that fought for higher wages and more rights for its members |
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| developed an inexpensive method to turn iron into steel |
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| English author who realistically portrays life during the 1800s |
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| Internal Combustion Engine |
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| developed by Daimler, an engine that runs on the burning of fuel |
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| the middle class received more luxuries while the working class received few |
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| development of certain methods of agriculture such as the enclosure movement, use of the seed drill, open field system, crop rotation, and selective breeding that resulted in a healthier population, more productive farms, and wealthier farmers |
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| denied of the right to vote |
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| Scottish economist who developed the idea a laissez-faire economy |
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| the movement of people to the cities |
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| group who fought for the rights of the working class though wanting universal suffrage, the secret ballot, etc. |
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| economic system where the proletariat rises up against the middle class and all class systems are destroyed |
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| discovered the element radium and its ability to give off energy |
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| developed the theory of evolution |
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| theory that all organisms developed from an original organism over millions of years |
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| the believe that one race is superior to another |
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| 1. belief that one should pay more attention to emotion and less to reason 2. artistic movement that emphasized human emotion and imagination over reason |
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| artistic movement that conveyed life as it was |
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| attempt to candidly express glimpses of a subject showing the effects of sunlight on things at different times of day and the impression left on the scenes |
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| the fencing off of farmland which allowed more efficiency |
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| organized method of production that brought workers and machines together under the control of managers |
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| system of labor in which merchants hired workers to produce woolens in their own homes |
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| a policy allowing business to operate without government interference |
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| producing on a large scale |
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| idea that society should work for the greatest happiness for the greatest number of citizens |
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| an Anglican clergyman that wrote that poverty, famine, and misery were inevitable because the population was increasing faster than the food supply |
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| changes in the methods of producing goods during the 1800s caused by the development of new inventions and systems of production |
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| credited as being the first modern chemist, he brought chemistry into recognition as a true science instead of a mystical art |
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| a business organization between two or more entrepreneurs who can raise more capital and take on more business than if they had gone into business alone. |
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| invented by Eli Whitney, where machine-made parts are exactly alike and can be easily assembled and exchanged |
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| one person runs a business. they take all the risk and make all the profit |
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| French chemist who discovered that bacteria, or germs, are the cause of infectious diseases, and if they are killed, diseases can be prevented |
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| lowered the property qualifications for voting and gave more men the right to vote, also took representation rights away from areas that had declined in population |
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| Rebellion that removed Louis Philippe from power in France. The rebels declared France a rebublic |
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| organized massacres of a minority |
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| Englishman who urged giving self-rule to Canada |
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| the government in France formed after the fall of the Commune |
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| French emperor that came into power after the Revolution of 1848. He tried to restore France to the same level of power it was at under Napoleon I but failed after a humiliating defeat in the Franco-Prussian War |
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| Adviser to Victor Emmanuel II, Cavour was the mind behind Italian Unification. |
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| An island kingdom off the coast of Italy, Sardinia was the origin of the Italian Unification effort |
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| army under Giuseppe Garibaldi that took the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and Naples |
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| King of Sardinia after Charles Albert's death, he toiled to keep popularity for the unification movement alive. He eventually became the first king of a unified Italy |
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| a brilliant negotiator who almost single-handedly unified Germany through realpolitik. He was also Germany's first chancellor |
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| term used to describe the Balkans. it is called this due to the many uprisings and wars occurring here due to the decline of the Ottoman Empire |
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| a military revolt staged during the transfer of power from Alexander I to Nicholas I to try and take power away from the czar. Nicholas crushes the revolt. |
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| Czar who introduced many reforms including the freeing of the serfs and the formation of zemstvos. He was assassinated in 1881 while he was working on a plan to develop a National Assembly |
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| Revolution sparked by the massacre of peaceful protesters earlier that year, this revolution resulted in Nicholas II creating a duma. |
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| A war easily won by the Germans that resulted in total German unification. In France, it resulted in the end of the Second Empire. This war was inspired almost entirely from nationalism due to the release of the Ems telegram. |
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| The movement in Italy led by Mazzini, Cavour, and Garibaldi which unified all of Italy under one ruler instead of several individual states. |
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| The effort led primarily by Otto von Bismarck to unite all of the German states under Prussian rule. |
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| The shared monarchy between Austria and Hungary, formed after the Hungarians revolted after the Seven Weeks War. The dual monarchy was formed due to their reliance on each other for either industry or agriculture. |
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| term used to describe the Ottoman Empire due to its decline in power. |
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| natives of New Zealand. The Maori and British signed the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840 which gave the Maori rights. This treaty was later violated when the British discovered natural resources on Maori lands. |
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| natives of Australia. The Europeans who occupied Australia treated the Aborigines very badly in their effort to acquire natural resources |
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| French army officer accused of selling military secrets. Because he was Jewish and anti-Semitist feelings were strong in France at the time, massive controversy surrounded the so-called "Dreyfus Affair" which threatened to destroy the Third Republic. |
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| French land taken by Prussia as a peace settlement after the Franco-Prussian War. |
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| Known as the "Citizen King," due to his civilian-like attire, he was originally supported by the middle class. However, he truly favored the wealthy which was the cause for the Revolution of 1848 in which he was overthrown |
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| member of the Conservative Party of England who believed aristocratic traditions should be followed. However, he supported reforms so that the upper and lower classes could learn tot work together. |
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| member of the Liberal Party, made many social reforms. He introduced the education act, the Redistribution Act of 1885, and the Ballot Act |
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| where parts of a state are given greater self-government within the central government |
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| woman who fights for the right to vote |
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| ethnic group prominent in Hungary |
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| locally elected assemblies in Russia who took charge of matters such as health care and education |
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| national legislature formed in Russia by Nicholas II due to pressure from the Revolution of 1848 |
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| an economic union between the German states. The Zollverein strengthened Prussia's power while weakening Austria's. |
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| An "anything-goes" attitude when it comes to politics. Otto von Bismarck uses realpolitik extremely effectively. |
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| originally formed as a buffer zone during the Congress of Vienna to separate France from the rest of Europe, the German Confederation includes parts of Prussia and Austria as well as other individual German states. Most of the German Confederation later unifies to form a unified Germany under Prussian rule. |
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| emperor of Austria and later Austria-Hungary who struggled to maintain a conservative empire. Under his rule the Dual Monarchy formed. |
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| colonial-born white aristocrats in South America who were considered second-class citizens under the peninsulares. When the peninsulares were driven out, the creoles took power. |
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| unfair treaties developed by European nations that forced the China to yield many of its rights to foreign powers. |
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| one country's domination of the political, economic, and social life of another country |
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| crops that are grown for profit |
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| Colonial leaders who stood at the top of the social order in South America. They were eventually driven out through revolution. |
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| War caused by the poor Spanish treatment of the Cubans as well as the explosion on the U.S. ship the Maine in the port of Havana which killed 260 American sailors (Spanish involvement was never proven in this event but simply assumed). The Americans won and took control of Cuba. |
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| British word for Afrikaner (means farmer in Dutch) |
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| region of a country in which the imperial power has exclusive investment or trading rights. |
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| Migration of the Afrikaners from Cape Town to the Transvaal and the Orange Free State after the British take over rule in Cape Town. |
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| a group of Indian business and professional leaders who urged the British to give more rights to the Indians. They later lead the fight for indian independence |
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| Ethiopian emperor who prevents Italy from taking control of the region and therefore allowing it to remain independent |
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| ruler of Mexico under its first republic. He introduced La Reforma which reduced the power of the military, separated Church and State, and gave the lot of impoverished farmers. |
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| The "Enlightened" leaders of Japan who tried to turn Japan into a power capable of competing with the Western nations. They brought industrial reforms, strengthened the military, and brought forms of parliamentary government to Japan. |
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| Indian soldier. The Sepoys rebel against their British commanders in India, which causes the British to take control of India away from the East India Trade Company |
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| a monarch's representative in an imperial country |
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| Dutch settlers in South Africa who fought with the British for control of the region. |
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| military commander that ruled Japan |
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| British adventurer who made a fortune off of gold and diamond mining in southern Africa. He later forms the colony of Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) |
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| Scottish doctor and missionary who explored much of Central Africa and reported back to the British of its abundant natural resources |
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| American commodore who opened the Japanese port at Edo (Tokyo) to trade with the United States. |
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| War between Britain and China that was won by Britain. It was caused by the refusal of the British to stop the illegal opium trade into China. |
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A warning from the United States to the major European powers that stressed two major points:
1. The American continents, by the free and independent condition which they have assured and maintain, are hence forth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers.
2. We should consider any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of our hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety |
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| extension of the Monroe Doctrine which stated that the U.S. would police financial and international events in the Americas. |
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