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Written Exam 2
N/a
60
Physiology
Undergraduate 2
04/26/2014

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Term
What is the principle and purpose of the diluting system for white blood cells?
Definition
Osmotic Pressure and to lyse RBC's and maintain WBC's
Term
Thomas Pipette Diluting System
Definition
Used for manual WBC count
1:20 Dilution
1 part blood
19 parts diluent
Term
Unopette or Leukochek Diluting System
Definition
Used for manual WBC count
1:20 dilution
Buffered ammonium oxalate
Term
Diluting system for manual platelet counts
Definition
Bioanalytic-Thrombo-TIC
Reagent- Ammonium oxalate, 1% (w/v)
Dilution is 1:100
Term
What is the principle of the diluting system for manual platelet counts?
Definition
To completely hemolyze red blood cells
Term
Diluting system for manual eosinohpil counts
Definition
Avian Leukopet system
Reagent: phloxine solution
Dilution: 1:32
Term
What are the components of a phloxine solution?
Definition
Propylene glycol
Distilled H2O
Aqueos phloxine
aqueous sodium carbonate
Heparin
Term
Propylene glycol
Definition
Lowers the rate of evaporation and renders red blood cells nonrefractile
Term
Aqueous sodium carbonate
Definition
Helps lyse the WBC's amd aids in enhancing the staining of the eosiniphils.
Term
Heparin
Definition
Prevents clumping of the white blood cells
Term
What is the principle of the manual eosinophil count?
Definition
Diluent mixed with whole blood preserve white blood cells but stains only eosinophils.
Term
What are the two stains used for manual reticulocyte counts?
Definition
New methylene blue
Brilliant cresyl blue
Term
New methylene blue
Definition
Sodium chloride
potassium oxalate
new methylene blue
distilled H2O
Term
Brillant Cresyl Blue
Definition
Brillant cresyl blue
sodium chloride, 0.85% (w/v)
Term
What is the ratio for whole blood to stain for manual reticulocyte counts?
Definition
1:1
Term
Manual White Blood Cell Count Formula
Definition
Total # WBC counted x dilution of blood/
total # of squares counted x volume per square = cells/uL

# WBC counted x 20/
8 x 0.1= cells/uL
Term
Corrected WBC Count
Definition
Uncorrected WBC count x (100/100+ #nRBC)= cells/uL
Term
Principle of methylene blue stain
Definition
Stain enters residual RNA present in reticulocytes and the reticulum stains as 2 or more deep blue granules or threads in sharp contrast to the light greenish-blue background of the red cells.
Term
EDTA
Definition
Anti-coagulant
Term
Heparin
Definition
Anticoaguant
Term
Leukocytosis
Definition
Increase in white blood cell count above the normal upper limit of 4.0-11.0e9.
Term
Causes of leukocytosis
Definition
Complication to several diseases and medical conditions such as acute infections, severe malaria, after hemorrhage, during pregnancy, postoperatively, in some forms of anemia, in some carcinomas, leukemia, apendicitis, hemolytic disease of the newborn, uremia and ulcers, strenous exercise, emotional stress and anxiety
Term
Leukopenia
Definition
Decrease in whit blood cell count below the normal limit of 4.0-11.0e9
Term
Causes of leukopenia
Definition
Viral infections, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, in some anemias, folate deficiency, in some cancers and sepsis.
Term
Neutrophilia
Definition
Increase of neutrophils in the peripheral blood.
Term
Causes of neutrophilia
Definition
Bacterial infections, acute inflammation (heart attack), drugs and malignancies.
Term
Neutropenia
Definition
Decrease in the number of neutrophils in the blood stream
Term
Causes of neutropenia
Definition
Decreased production in the bone marrow such as aplastic anemia or vitamin B12 or folate deficiency.
Increased destruction such as chemotherapy
Medications
Viral infections
Term
Eosinophilia
Definition
Increase in the number of eosinophils in the peripheral blood. Reference range is 450 eosinophils per uL.
Term
Causes of eosinophilia
Definition
Allergic reactions, parasitosis, sites of foreign particles, following exercise, in brucellosis and in some leukemias.
Term
Eosinopenia
Definition
Decease in the number of eosinophils in the peripheral blood. Reference range is 450 eosinophils per uL.
Term
Cause of eosinopenia
Definition
Emotional stress, adrenal steroids and hyperadrenalism.
Term
Prothrombin Time PT
Definition
Measures activity of the factors in the extrinsic pathway
Term
What is the normal reference range for prothrombin time?
Definition
10-14 seconds
Term
Activated partial thromboplastin time, aPTT
Definition
Measures the activity of the factors in the intrinsic pathway
Term
What is the reference range of the aPTT time?
Definition
30 and 50 seconds
Term
Where are the majority of clotting factors produced?
Definition
In the liver
Term
Where is Factor VIII produced?
Definition
Vascular Endothelium
Term
Where is vonWillebrand's Factor produced?
Definition
Endothelium (Weibel-Palade bodies)
Term
How do you detect the presence of RNA?
Definition
Stain red blood cells while they are still living with a supravital stain
Term
Shift cell
Definition
Immature reticulocyte that stain gray/blue/pink and are larger and more polychromatophilic than normal reticulocytes.
Term
What are shift cells an indication of?
Definition
Shift cells are an indication of increased red blood cell production o erythropoietin stimulation of erythropoiesis
Term
Reticulocyte count in %
Definition
# of reticulocytes counted/
10
Term
Absolute reticulocyte count/uL
Definition
Reticulocyte count in % x RBC count/uL
Term
Corrected reticulocyte count in %
Definition
Reticuolcyte count in % x (patient hematocrit/normal hematocrit)
Term
Reticulocyte production index
Definition
Corrected reticulocyte count in %/
2
Term
What are the three major steps of coagulation?
Definition
1. Formation of thromboplastin (TF, Factor III)
2. Formation of thrombin
3. Formation of fibrin
Term
What are the components of a phase contrast microscope?
Definition
Annular condenser
Matching phase objectives
Slides made of quartz or plastic
Term
What does the annular condenser of a phase microscope do?
Definition
Produces a hollow cone of light which is further influenced by the presence of a green filter.
Term
Platelet Count per cells/uL
Definition
Total # platelets counted x dilution of the blood/
Total # of squares counted x volume per squares = cells/uL
Term
What is the reference range for platelets?
Definition
150,000-400,000 platelets/uL
Term
How do you obtain the number of platelets counted?
Definition
Average the number of platelets counted on both sides of the hemocytometer
Term
The Neubauer hemocytometer consist of a grid three squares by three squares. How big is one of the squares?
Definition
1mm
Term
The actual platelet counting area consists of the middle square only which is 1mm by 1mm. How many smaller squares make up the middle square?
Definition
25 squares
Term
How large is one of the 25 smaller squares?
Definition
0.2mm by 0.2mm
Term
The smaller 25 squares each hold 16 smaller squaeres. How big is each of the 16 smaller squares?
Definition
0.05mm by 0.05mm
Term
A Fuchs Rosenthal hemocytometer consists of a 4 by 4 grid of squares. Each square is how big?
Definition
1mm by 1mm
Term
Each 1mm by 1mm square is composed of a smaller 4 by 4 grid of squares. How big is one of the smaller squares?
Definition
0.25mm
Term
Primary Hemostasis
Definition
Adhesion, activation and aggregation of platelets
Term
Secondary Hemostasis
Definition
Sequential activation of plasma coagulation factors
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