Term
|
Definition
| The stoppage of blood flow |
|
|
Term
| Primary Hemostasis involves |
|
Definition
Adhesion
Activation
Aggregation |
|
|
Term
| Secondary Hemostasis involves |
|
Definition
Platelet plug is solidified through interaction between platelet membrane, enzymes and coagulation factors
Generation of fibrin |
|
|
Term
| Tertiary Hemostasis involves |
|
Definition
Coagulation cascade activity ceases
Clot is dissolved through proteolysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Some underlying defect in the primary or secondary hemostatic system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Primary Hemostatic Defect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Secondary Hemostatic Defect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Occlusion of blood vessel after injury |
|
|
Term
| What are three causes of the Weak D antigen? |
|
Definition
Inheritance
Position Effect - C allele is inherited trans to D
Partial D-Missing part of antigen complex |
|
|
Term
| What are two conditions that will stimulate the growth of antibodies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the test that tests for the Weak D antigen? |
|
Definition
| Indirect Antiglobulin Test (IAT) |
|
|
Term
| What occurs in each stage of an IAT? |
|
Definition
Stage 1: Antibodies combine with antigens
Stage 2: Washing of RBC's, followed by addition of AHG reagent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Antihuman globulin. It is a reagent used in IAT to detect IgG that has attached to RBC's but was not available immediately after the spin phase |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Commercially prepared IgG-coated RBC's, also known as Coomb cells that are used as a control for negative IAT tests. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Agglutination after addition of AHG |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| No agglutination observed after addition of AHG. (The check with IgG coated RBC's) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Positive DAT
Dirty Glassware
Over-centrifugation
Over-reading |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Failure to add AHG
Improper washing
Under-centrifugation
Loss of reagent reactivity
Under-reading |
|
|
Term
| Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn, HDFN |
|
Definition
| Results from excessive destruction of fetal red blood cells by maternal antibodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Release of immature red blood cells into fetal circulation |
|
|
Term
| What are two symtpoms of HDFN? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Passive anti-D, protects D negative mothers from becoming immunized by exposure to D positive fetal cells |
|
|
Term
| Who is a candidate to receive RhIG? |
|
Definition
| D negative pregnant female who is carrying a D positive or weak D positive fetus |
|
|
Term
| When is RhD administered? |
|
Definition
At 28 weeks of gestation
Within 72 hours after the delivery of a D positive infant |
|
|
Term
| What is the average total volume of adult blood? |
|
Definition
| 6L or 7-8% of body weight |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Maturation of neutrophils |
|
Definition
Myeloblast
Promyelocyte
Myelocyte
Metamyelocyte
Band neutrophil
Segmened neutrophil |
|
|
Term
| How long do neutrophils remain in the peripheral blood after marrow release? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neutrophils are capable of what? |
|
Definition
Phagocytosis
Random locomotion
Chemotaxis |
|
|
Term
| Eosinophils exist in the peripheral blood for how long? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Eosinophils are capable of what? |
|
Definition
Random locomotion
Phagocytosis
Allergic reactions
Parasitic invasions |
|
|
Term
| Basophils exist in the peripheral blood for how long? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the granules of a basophil contain? |
|
Definition
| Histamine, heparin and peroxidase |
|
|
Term
| Basophils are capable of what? |
|
Definition
Random locomotion
Degranulation |
|
|
Term
| Approximately what percent of a healthy adult's peripheral red blood cells are bands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increase in absolute number of neutrophils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some common causes of neutrophilia? |
|
Definition
Hemorrhage
Metabolic, chemical and drug intoxication
Post-op
Neoplasms |
|
|
Term
| What are some common causes of neutropenia? |
|
Definition
Viral infections
Problems in marrow production of neutrophils
Cancers
Congenital disorders affecting the bone marrow |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common white blood cell found in a peripheral white blood sample? |
|
Definition
| Neutriphils which constitute about 60% of the cells |
|
|
Term
| Monocytes are capable of white? |
|
Definition
Leaving the circulatory system and becoming macrophages
Random locomotion
Phagocytosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Spend their lives in one organ instead of migrating |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Increase in monocytes in association with
Chronic inflammation
Stress response
Cushing's syndrome
Immune mediated response
Viral fever
Sarcoidosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Decrease in monocytes associated with a monocyte deficiency |
|
|
Term
| Lymphocytes account for approximately what percent of white blood cells in the peripheral blood stream? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increase in the number of lymphocytes which indicates a viral infection |
|
|
Term
| Lymphocytosis is commonly associated with |
|
Definition
IM
Pertussis
Mumps
Rubella
TB
Brucellosis
Infectious hepatitis |
|
|
Term
| What is the normal reference range of erythrocytes, or red blood cells, in a healthy, adult male? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the lifespan of red blood cells in the peripheral blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Process of erythrocyte production in the bone marrow. |
|
|
Term
| Red blood cells are removed from the peripheral blood by the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The breakage or destruction of red blood cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hemolysis that occurs in the vasculature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hemolysis that occurs outside of the vasculature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reduction below the normal concentration of hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Variation in red blood cell shape |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Variation in red blood cell size |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increase in the amount of red blood cells that are smaller than normal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increase in the amount of red blood cells that are larger than normal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What protein is defective in some anemias and results in an abnormal cell membrane shape? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protein that stimulates red blood cell production |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nucleated red blood cells, NRBC |
|
Definition
| A stage of a red blood cell before it is mature |
|
|
Term
| Irregular red blood cell morphology can arise from what? |
|
Definition
| Red blood cell membrane defects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Irregular RBC morphology in which the RBC has equally spaced spike-like projections that are uniform in length protruding from its cytoplasm, crenated RBC |
|
|
Term
| What clinical significance does an echinocyte have? |
|
Definition
| Artifact associated with uremia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Irregular RBC morphology in which the RBC membrane has thorny irregular membrane projetions |
|
|
Term
| What clinical significance does an acanthocyte have? |
|
Definition
| Hepatic (Liver disease), vitamin E deficiency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Irregular RBC morphology in which the RBC appears as a small fragment of a normal RBC. |
|
|
Term
| What clinical significance does a schistocyte have? |
|
Definition
| DIC, hemolysis, severe burns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Irregular RBC morphology in which the RBC is small, dark and lacks an area of pallor in the center (Has a white rectangle in the middle) |
|
|
Term
| What clinical significance does a spherocyte have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Irregular RBC morphology in which the RBC appears thin, elongated and has rounded ends. Looks rod-shaped |
|
|
Term
| What clinical significance does an eliptocyte have? |
|
Definition
| Elliptocytosis, iron deficiency anemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Irregular RBC morphology in which there is a slit in the center of the RBC |
|
|
Term
| What clinical significance does a stomatocyte have? |
|
Definition
| Stomatocytosis, hepatic or liver disease, Rh Null phenotype |
|
|
Term
| Codocyte/Target Cell/Leptocyte |
|
Definition
| Irregular RBC morphology in which the RBC looks like a target |
|
|
Term
| What clinical significance does a codocyte have? |
|
Definition
| Decreased hemoglobin synthesis, hemoglobinapathies, liver disease, Iron deficiency anemia, Beta-Thalassemuia |
|
|
Term
| Dacrocyte (Tear Drop Cell) |
|
Definition
| Irregular RBC morphology in which the RBC is tear drop shaped or pear shaped |
|
|
Term
| What clinical significance does a dacrocyte have? |
|
Definition
| Thalassemia, extramedullary hematopoiesis |
|
|
Term
| Drepanocyte (Sickle Cell) |
|
Definition
| Irregular RBC morphology in which the RBC appears crescent shaped. |
|
|
Term
| What is the clinical significance of a drepanocyte? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There is a high affinity between hemoglobin and what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There is a low affinity between hemoglobin and what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hemoglobin consists of what? |
|
Definition
4 Protein globin chains (2 alpha and 2 Beta)
4 non protein groups (heme groups) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each oxygen molecule of a heme group can bind to how many irons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Arterial blood and is bright red |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
RBC produces are smaller than 6 um
Often associated with iron deficiency anemia
Chronic inflammation
Sideroblastic anemia
Globin b/s deficiency
Thalassemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Red blood cells produced are greater than 9 um. |
|
|
Term
| Nonmegaloblastic macrocytic red blood cells produced from macrocytic anemia are commonly associated with |
|
Definition
| Chronic liver disease, alcoholism, aplastic anemia |
|
|
Term
| Megaloblastic macrocytic red blood cells produced from macrocytic anemia are commonly associated with |
|
Definition
Vitamin B12 deficiency
Folic acid deficiency
Malignant growth |
|
|
Term
| Iron deficiency anemia is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Iron deficiency anemia results from what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The lab results for hemoglobin commonly associated with iron deficiency anemia are? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The lab results for RBC's commonly associated with iron deficiency anemia are? |
|
Definition
Microcytic/hypochromic
Polychromatic
Anisocytosis
Poikilocytosis: Target cells and elliptocytes |
|
|
Term
| Anemia of chronic inflammation |
|
Definition
Chronic inflammation caused by cancer or rheumatoid arthritis.
Increased iron stores but iron unavailable for RBC |
|
|
Term
| The lab results for hemoglobin commonly associated with anemia of chronic inflammation are? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Iron rich NRBC's. Difficulty in making hemoglobin. Commonly caused by thalassemias or lead poisoning |
|
|
Term
| What three erythropcyte inclusions can be commonly found in a peripheral blood sample of a patient with sideroblastic anemia? |
|
Definition
Iron rings
Pappenheimer bodies
Siderotic granules |
|
|
Term
| The lab results for RBC's commonly associated with sideroblastic anemia are |
|
Definition
Poikilocytosis, anisocytosis: codocytes
Increased reticulocytes and pappenheimer bodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Heterozygous, mild anemia. Only of of the beta globin alleles bears a mutation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Homozygous, results in severe microcytic hypochromic anemia. Results from a mutation in both beta globin alleles. No HbA; HbF |
|
|
Term
| What are the lab values for hemoglobin associated with beta thalassemia major? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the lab values for RBC morphology associated with beta thalassemia major? |
|
Definition
Extreme poikilocytosis: target cells and elliptocytes, schistocytes
NRBC
Basophilic stippling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rRNA in RBC's that occur in conditions such as beta thalassemia and lead poisoning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Missing one alpha chain, normal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What red blood cell inclusion is often associated with alpha thalassemia? |
|
Definition
| Heinz bodies, or denatured hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nucleated immature red blood cell that gives rise to macrocytes. Associated with macrocytic anemias |
|
|
Term
| What are some common laboratory results associated with macrocytic anemias? |
|
Definition
Macrocytes
Hypersegmented neutrophils
Howell-Jolly Bodies |
|
|
Term
| What are some anemias associated with RBC shortened survival? |
|
Definition
| Elliptocytosis, Spherocytosis, uremia, sickle cell anemia, malaria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Results from hemolytic anemias, jaundice and gallstones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Results from spectrin defect |
|
|
Term
| Hemolytic uremia syndrome |
|
Definition
| Destruction of red blood cells and production of many schistocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Anemia caused by destruction of red blood cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| HbS inherited and chronic. Causes a substitution in glutamic acid in beta chain for valine. |
|
|
Term
| HbS in sickle cell disease and sickle trait is |
|
Definition
85-100% in sickle cell disease
35-45% in sickle cell trait |
|
|
Term
| HbF in sickle cell disease and sickle cell trait is |
|
Definition
Up to 15% in sickle cell disease
Normal in sickle cell trait |
|
|
Term
| HbA2 in sickle cell disease and sickle cell trait is |
|
Definition
| Normal in both sickle cell disease and sickle cell trait |
|
|
Term
| HbA in sickle cell disease and sickle cell trait is |
|
Definition
Absent in sickle cell disease
50-65% in sickle trait |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Infected mosquito bites host
Infection of liver cells
Proliferation in the liver cells
Liver cells rupture and parasites released into blood
Parasites invade RBC's and grow in them
RBC hemolysis and invasion of new RBC |
|
|
Term
| What are some symptoms of malaria? |
|
Definition
| Fever, chills, rigors, muscle pain |
|
|
Term
| What are some symptoms of sickle cell disease? |
|
Definition
| Weakness, dizziness, shortness of breath |
|
|
Term
| What are some common lab findings of malaria? |
|
Definition
| Splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, jaundice, spherocytosis |
|
|
Term
| Which RBC membrane receptor does plasmodium bind to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does plasmodium develop in a RBC? |
|
Definition
1. Ring form with a peripheral nucleus and a central vacuole
2. Trophozoites
3. Repeated nuclear division
4. RBC becomes filled with merozoites
5. RBC rupture and discharge of the membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Infected RBC is larger than non-infected RBC, Schuffer's dots (Young RBC, reticulocytes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Infected RBC is larger than non-infected RBC, Schuffer's dots (Young RBC's, reticulocytes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Invade old and young RBC which remain normal in size (Young and mature RBC's) |
|
|
Term
| People with what genotype can't develop sickle cell anemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do cells need to protect the integrity of the membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process of making energy without oxygen |
|
|
Term
| RBC depend on what to make energy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does glucose get converted to? |
|
Definition
|
|
