Term
|
Definition
| Increased urine excretion and volume, may only be temporary |
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Term
|
Definition
| Excessive urination at night, greater than 400 or 500 mL excreted |
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Term
|
Definition
| Excretion of an abnormally small amount of urine, less than 500 mL per 24 hours. Decrease in urine output in relation to fluid intake. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Large volume of urine excreted, greater than 2,000 mL a day. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Complete absence of urine formation |
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Term
|
Definition
| Can be taken at any time of day with no precautions. Used for both microscopic and chemical analyses, However substance may be too dilute, isotonic or hypertonic. |
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|
Term
| First Morning Urine Sample |
|
Definition
| Sample obtained at first urination of the day. Preferred method for chemical and microscopic testing. Contains increased concentration cellular elements. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Urine samples are collected in a container over 24 hour period. Normal-values are 800-2,000mL per day. Used to quantitatively measure certain analytes. It is used to check the functioning of the kidneys and detect disease. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Collected mid-stream after cleaning the external urethral meatus. Used for culture and sensitivity testing. |
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|
Term
| Catheterization of the Bladder |
|
Definition
| Used in special circumstances to collect urine samples when the patient can't urinate independently. |
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|
Term
| Suprapubic Transabdominal Needle |
|
Definition
| Provides the most sterile urine sample possible. Used most commonly in infants and children when catheterization is not possible. |
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Term
| What is the function of the peritubular capillaries? |
|
Definition
| The peritubular capillaries surround the convulated tubules of the renal tubules and function in secretion and reabsorption. They also deliver oxygen to kidney cells. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the nephrons? |
|
Definition
| The main function of the nephron is to regulate water and soluble substances by filtering the blood, reabsorbing what is needed and excreting the rest as urine. The nephrons are regulated by hormones such as antidiuretic hormones, aldosterone and parathyroid hormone. |
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|
Term
| What is the normal urine pH level? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Blood pH levels from 6.8 to 7.3 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Blood pH levels from 7.5 to 7.8 |
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|
Term
| Crystals grow in what type of urine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long must you wait before reading the results of a leukocyte chemical test? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is urine specific gravity? |
|
Definition
| The measure of dissolved substances in the urine (urine density). Defined as the weight of a solution compared with the weight of an equal volume of water |
|
|
Term
| What are the two general functions that urine specific gravity is used to measure? |
|
Definition
1. State of the kidneys
2. Hydration Status |
|
|
Term
| What is the normal range for specific gravity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the reagent strip test of specific gravity based on? |
|
Definition
| A pKa change of certain pretreated polyectrolytes in relation to the ionic concentration of the urine. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The least important casts significantly. Result from solidification of the Tamm-Horsfall protein. May observe a few hyaline casts in healthy urine. However, increased amount may suggest renal disease. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Indicates the presence of white blood cells in the renal tubule. May suggest bacterial infection of the tubular inerstitium or urinary tract infection. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Casts made from epithelial cells of the renal tubules. They indicate serious infections such as the hepatitis virus or exposure to nephrotoxic substances |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cast made up of red blood cells. They indicate serious diseases that affect the glomerulus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Casts that are made up of bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cast formed from the break down of cells within a cast or the renal tubule, or they may be aggregates of plasma proteins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Contain large granules that appear to be degenerated cells. They are darker, shorter and more irregular in outline than finely granular casts |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Look much like hyaline casts but the presence of fine granules makes them more distinctive and easier to find. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Resemble hyaline casts but are much more significant clinically. May also be called broad casts. Considered the final step in the disintegration of cellular casts and are especially serious because they imply renal stasis. Seen in small numbers in acute renal diseases. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Contain droplets of fat and are highly refractive under the microscope. Usually observed in sediments that contain a high amount of protein. Can also be seen in patients with diabetes mellitus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Normal urine will show a small amount of white foam when shaken. |
|
|
Term
| Large amount of foam in urine sample indicates |
|
Definition
| The presence of protein (white foam) or bilirubin (yellow foam) |
|
|
Term
| What is the principle of a chemical pH test of urine? |
|
Definition
| Methyl red and bromthymol blue double indicator system |
|
|
Term
| What is the chemical reaction that occurs in the reagent strip for pH? |
|
Definition
Ind + H+ions -> H- Ind
Indicator dyes Reduced dyes |
|
|
Term
| What is the principle of a chemical test for protein? |
|
Definition
| Protein error of indicators |
|
|
Term
| What is the chemical reaction that occurs in the reagent strip for protein? |
|
Definition
| Indicator dye + Protein (albumin) ->(pH 3.0) H+ions released from indicator |
|
|
Term
| What is the principle of a chemical test for blood in urine? |
|
Definition
| Pseudoperoxidase activity of heme |
|
|
Term
| What is the chemical reaction that occurs in a reagent strip for blood? |
|
Definition
Peroxide Heme Water
+ -> +
Reduced Oxidized
Chromagen Peroxide Chromagen
Activity |
|
|
Term
| What is the principle of a chemical test for nitrite in the urine? |
|
Definition
| Diazotization reaction of nitrite with an aromatic amine to form a diazonium salt, followed by an azocoupling reaction (Griess test) |
|
|
Term
| What is the chemical reaction that occurs in a reagent strip for nitrite? |
|
Definition
Ar-NH2 + NO2 ->(acid) Diazonium salt
Aromatic Nitrtite
Amine (on pad) |
|
|
Term
| What is the principle of a chemical test for leukocytes esterase? |
|
Definition
| Based on action of leukocyte esterase |
|
|
Term
| What are the two chemical reactions that occur in a reagent strip for nitrite? |
|
Definition
Ester Hydrolysis Reaction
Ester -> (leukocyte esterase) Ar'
(on pad) Aromatic
Compound
Azocoupling Reaction
Diazonium Salt + Ar' ->(acid) Azodye |
|
|
Term
| What is the principle of a chemical test for glucose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the chemical reaction that occurs in the test strip for glucose? |
|
Definition
Two Step Reaction:
1. Glucose + O2 ->(glucose oxidase) Gluconic acid + H2O
2. H2O2 + Chromagen ->(peroxidase) oxidized form of dye + H2O |
|
|
Term
| What is the principle of the reagent strip for ketones? |
|
Definition
| Sodium Nitropusside Reaction (Legal's Test) |
|
|
Term
| What is the chemical reaction that occurs in the test strip for ketones? |
|
Definition
| Acetate + Sodium (+GIY) -> (alkaline) Purple Color |
|
|
Term
| What is the principle of the reagent strip for bilirubin? |
|
Definition
| Diazo Reaction. Test strip contains diazo salt and buffer |
|
|
Term
| What is the chemical reaction that occurs in the test strip for bilirubin? |
|
Definition
| Bilirubin + Diazonium Salt -> (acid) Azobilirubin |
|
|
Term
| What is the principle of the reagent strip for urobilinogen? |
|
Definition
| Diazo Reaction. (Ehrlich aldehyde reaction) |
|
|
Term
| What is the chemical reaction that occurs in the test strip for urobilinogen? |
|
Definition
| Urobilinogen + p-dimethylamiobenzaldehyde ->(acid) Red azo dye |
|
|
Term
| What is the principle of the sulfosalicylic acid test? |
|
Definition
| Based on cold precipitation of protein with a strong acid |
|
|
Term
| What is the sulfosalicylic acid test used for? |
|
Definition
| Used to confirm the presence of protein. Most sensitive to albumin |
|
|
Term
| What is the principle of the protein precipiatation by heat confirmatory test? |
|
Definition
| Free light chains (Bence Jones Protein) are soluble at 100 degrees celsius and precipitate at 60 degrees celsius. |
|
|
Term
| What is the chemical reaction that occurs during the copper reduction test? |
|
Definition
| CuSO4 + Reducing Substance ->(heat and alkaline urine) CuOH + Cu2O + Oxidized Substance + H2O |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the copper reduction test? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the copper reduction test (or Clinitest) used for? |
|
Definition
| Used to confirm the presence of glucose |
|
|
Term
| What is the chemical reaction that occurs during the nitropusside test? |
|
Definition
| Acetoaacetic acid + Na+ nitropusside -> Purple Color |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the nitropusside test? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the nitropusside test (or Acetest) used for? |
|
Definition
| Used to confirm the presence of ketones |
|
|
Term
| What is the chemical reaction that occurs when using a diazo tablet? |
|
Definition
| Conjugated Bilirubin + Diazo Reagent -> azobilirubin |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for a diazo tablet? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a diazo tablet (or Ictotest) used for? |
|
Definition
| Used to confirm the presence of bilirubin in urine |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the consequences of inappropriate urine specimen storage? |
|
Definition
| Decomposition of urine sediment constituents, degradation of urinary cellular elements and casts and bacterial contamination |
|
|
Term
| What is the sensitivity/specificity of the reagent strip for pH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the sensitivity of the the reagent strip for protein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the specificity of the reagent strip for protein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the sensitivity of the reagent strip for blood? |
|
Definition
| 10 erythrocytes/uL or 0.03 mg/dL hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
| What is the specificity of the reagent strip for blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the sensitivity of the reagent strip for nitrite? |
|
Definition
0.03-0.06 mg/dL (Ames)
0.05 mg/dL (BMC) |
|
|
Term
| What is the specificity of the reagent strip for nitrite? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the sensitivity of the reagent strip for leukocyte esterase? |
|
Definition
5-10 WBC/HPF (Ames)
6 WBC/HPF (BMC) |
|
|
Term
| What is the specificity of the reagent strip for leukocyte esterase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the sensitivity of the reagent strip for glucose? |
|
Definition
| Detects urine glucose levels as low as 75-125 mg/dL |
|
|
Term
| What is the specificity of the reagent strip for glucose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the sensitivity of the reagent strip for ketones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the specificity of the reagent strip for ketones? |
|
Definition
| 10 mg/dL of acetoacetic acid |
|
|
Term
| What is the sensitivity of the reagent strip for bilirubin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the specificity of the reagent strip for bilirubin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the sensitivity of the reagent strip test for urobilinogen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the specificity of the reagent strip test for urobilinogen? |
|
Definition
| Urobilinogen and stercobilinogen |
|
|
Term
| What is the sensitvity of the sulfosalicylic acid test? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the specificity of the sulfosalicylic acid test? |
|
Definition
| Free SSA in the working reagent precipitates any protein in the specimen |
|
|
Term
| What is the sensitivity for the copper reduction test? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the specificity of the copper reduction test? |
|
Definition
| Reducing substances(glucose, lactose, galactose) |
|
|
Term
| What is the sensitivity of the nitropusside test? |
|
Definition
5 mg/dL of acetoacetic acid
50-70 mg/dL acetone |
|
|
Term
| What is the specificity of the nitropusside test? |
|
Definition
| Acetoacetic acid; acetone if glycine is present |
|
|
Term
| What is the sensitivity of a diazo tablet? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the specificity of a diazo tablet |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explain the discrepancy between a strong positive reagent strip for glucose and a negative Clinitest |
|
Definition
| Possible contamination of strong oxidizing reagents |
|
|
Term
| Explain the discrepancy between a negative reagent strip for glucose and a positive Clinitest |
|
Definition
| There could be a presence of other reducing sugars in the urine such as galactose, fructose, pentose and lactose |
|
|
Term
| What could cause a discrepancy between a positive reagent strip test for ketones and a negative nitropusside test? |
|
Definition
| Free sulfhydral groups or highly pigmented urine |
|
|
Term
| What could cause a discrepancy between a positive bilirubin reagent strip test and a negative Diazo tablet test? |
|
Definition
| Pharmaceuticals, Vitamin C and phot-oxidation |
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