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| subject-verb-object. object answers what/who. subject and object are different. "hit upon" or "broke up" is a phrasal verb- still counts as V in SVO. |
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| two simple sentences with a verb in between- put a relative pronoun in the middle (who/which/that). (one of the boys who dance well is in the hospital). (one of the goals that are not mentioned is to get kids off the street) |
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| transfers verb to object. demands a verb. asks who/what and are answered by following object. |
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| (the soldier wrote his love a syrupy letter). (the soldier wrote a letter to his love is SVO). object is always between verb and direct object. IO is to whom/for whom something was done or given. subject, io, and do are all different. |
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| do & oc have same referent. subject is different. (the study session left me confused) |
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| "to be": is, are, was, were. "sense": see, hear, smell, touch, taste. "other": remains, grows, seems, appears, becomes. subject and object/adj are same thing. predicate adj or predicate noun. |
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| don't take DO's. (he looked up into the sky- into the sky is an adverb) |
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| sentences with intransitive verbs. do have prepositional phrases and adverbs that answer where or how. elements are not part of the sentence pattern. |
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| can be transitive or intransitive. (they played in the backyard-SV vs. they played monopoly- SVO) |
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| i am riding. -"to be" verb. |
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Definition
| can be an adjective or noun. is not the whole verb. (riding my bike is fun.). verb + -ing = gerund- acts as noun, especially when in subject. |
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| that, her, his, their, etc. |
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Term
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| prep + object and clusters. prep phrases w/in noun clusters serve the noun. pattern with/modify noun. often spatial- answers how/when/where. |
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| helping words- would, could, will |
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| objects, people, places, feelings, phenomena, theories. recognize by: placement in a sentence (before verb as subject, after verb as DO/IO/PN, after prep). can be plural, have proper nouns/capital letters, can be possessive. test: i lost my ___. + gerunds and infinitives. |
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Term
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Definition
| placement: before nouns, after "be" verb, after nouns. purpose: express degree/intensity, comparative (-est, more). test: a __ that is __ is ___. |
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Definition
| stark, foreboding, awesome- DV is a beautiful place. slows down the sentence, especially after noun. |
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| structure words that signal nouns vital in noun clusters: a, an, the, etc. all precede nouns. |
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Term
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Definition
| nouns that restrict, modify, define head noun: computer lab, etc. are nouns but technically adj bc they modify. |
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| answers "which," describes a noun. |
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| (that/why/whether/how) + (i like shoes) turns it all into a noun. "like" only precedes nouns, so its a preposition. "as" can precede anything. |
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Term
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Definition
| joins items of equal grammatical importance. and, or, but, for, nor, so, yet. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| unequal grammatical importance. while, if, though, although, because, before, when. also includes "relative pronouns" |
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Term
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Definition
| part of subordinating conjunctions. who, whom, what, that, which. introduces relative/adj clauses. relate the clause to its noun. |
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Term
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Definition
| join one item with another. however, therefore, nevertheless, henceforth, moreover, consequently. can also act as a preposition when before a noun cluster. when a conjunction- links entire pattern/clause. |
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Definition
| secondary alongside primary verb. do (does, did), be, have, may, might, can, could, will, would, shall, should. only present and past. |
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| be + present participle (-ing). am -ing, was -ing, shall/will be -ing. |
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Term
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| have + past participle. was ongoing but is now completed. (have, had, shall have) |
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Term
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| conditional. contrary to fact. (if i were you, if it were, etc.) |
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| secondary- do, be, have, might, can, may, could, will, would, shall, should. |
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| rearrange to be SVO, but they are all SV! usually have "by". |
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| usually 2nd position in sentence. reflect passage of time (present, past, ongoing, etc.). and express "how"- usually through action (physical, psychological, emotional, or social). imply/state that something is happening. animate nouns. |
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Term
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Definition
| singular/plural. used for nouns and verbs. |
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Term
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Definition
| tells time. only with verbs. determines the form of the verb. tense must occur in the verb phrase predicate. if it has tense, its finite. if not, the verb is infinite. (go is infinite. goes is finite) |
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Term
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| 1. base form (go). 2. past (went). 3. past participle ((have) gone- only gone is pp). 4. present participle ((am) going). |
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Term
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| subject + verb. first person (I, we). second (you). third person (he, they, the bus driver). |
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Term
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Definition
| how many people are embodied in subject. singular (i am). plural (we are). collective noun (the couple is in therapy- if both agree, is singular. if diagree, is plural). collectING noun (a team of dragons is... head noun is singular, so acting as one.) |
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| statement: indicative/normal mood. question: interrogative. command: imperative. possibility: conditional. |
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Term
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| may, should, must. usually add modal auxiliaries/modals. can, shall, will may. past: could, should, would, might, must. always at beginning of main verb constituent (photo promotes it. vs. photos might promote it.) concerns possibility, certainty, obligation, desire, etc. events in the future- will perform, etc. |
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| perfect (present/past/future) vs. progressive |
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| indicates the action was completed. have + past participle (predicted, unraveled, etc.). had predicted- past perfect. |
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| must have indefiniteness of past time or a continuation to the present. (i have played cards since 3 pm yesterday) |
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| completed at some definite time in the past. (she had eaten 3 bowls before 6 pm). |
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| refers to a continuing action. composed of a form of "be" used as an auxiliary, followed by a present participle. (he was dancing at the room- past progressive). (beth is crying- present progressive) |
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| i (you, we, they) am/are ___+ing. he (she, it) is ___ +ing. |
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| noun substitutes. can assume any position a noun can. used to vary sound of a sentence/prevent repetition. subject pronouns are nominative: he, she, it, i, you, we, they. pronouns in object position are objective: him, her, it, me, you, us, them. |
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