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WPUNJ AP1 Chapter 2 - Leonard
Chemical Level of Organization of the Human Body
61
Chemistry
Undergraduate 2
09/17/2012

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Term
All living things are composed of ______.
Definition
matter
Term
Define: Matter
Definition
anything that occupies space and has mass
Term
Matter exits in what 3 states?
Definition
solid, liquid, gas
Term
Define: Weight
Definition
force of gravity acting on mass
Term
Define: Energy
Definition
capacity to do work
Term
What does the Law of Conservation of Energy state?
Definition
Energy cannot be created nor destroyed; instead it remains constant
Term
What are 2 types of energy?
Definition
Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy
Term
Define: Kinetic Energy
Definition
energy of motion
Term
Define: Potential Energy
Definition
inactive or stored energy
Term
5 Forms of Energy
Definition
Radiant, Heat, Mechanical, Electrical, Chemical
Term
What is Radiant Energy?
Definition
energy that travels in waves (micro, light, UV, x-rays)
Term
What is Electrical Energy?
Definition
energy resulting from the flow of charged particles (electricity powering computer/heart)
Term
What is Heat Energy?
Definition
energy transferred from one object to another due to difference in temperature (cooling)
Term
What is Chemical Energy?
Definition
energy released or used in the process of destroying or forming chemicals
Term
What is Mechanical Energy?
Definition
energy used to move mass
Term
When is Mechanical Energy Potential / Kinetic?
Definition
Potential: object is still. Kinetic: object is moving
Term
What are the building blocks of all forms of matter?
Definition
chemical elements
Term
How many elements exist? How many are naturally occurring? How many occur in the human body?
Definition
112, 92, 26
Term
What elements make up 96% of human body mass?
Definition
CHON: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
Term
The smallest unit of matter?
Definition
an atom
Term
Fill in the blank: A(n) ___(A)___ is a quantity of ____(B)____ composed of ___(C)___ of the same type.
Definition
A: Element; B: Matter; C:Atoms
Term
An atom is made up of what?
Definition
Subatomic particles called protons, neutrons, and electrons
Term
Which has no charge?
Definition
neutron
Term
Which has a positive charge?
Definition
proton
Term
Which has a negative charge?
Definition
electron
Term
How many electrons can each of the 3 Electron shells hold?
Definition
1st: 2;
2nd: 8;
3rd: max 18
Term
The atomic number is based on what?
Definition
number of protons in the nucleus
Term
The mass number is based on what?
Definition
number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
Term
What is an isotope?
Definition
an atom of an element with the same amount of protons, but different amount of neutrons
Term
What happens to an unstable isotope?
Definition
as they lose stability, they decay into more stable forms causing them to emit radioactivity (packets of energy)
Term
What is the atomic mass?
Definition
the total mass of an atom's protons, neutrons, and electrons when at rest
Term
What are ions?
Definition
charged particles in which there is no longer an equal number of protons and neutrons
Term
What process forms Ions and how?
Definition
Ionization; forms when an atom either gives up or receives an electron
Term
Next to a chemical symbol, what does the ( + ) and ( - ) mean?
Definition
( + ) ---> this chemical gave up an electron
( - ) ---> this chemical received an electron
Term
Define: Anion
Definition
an atom negatively charged from gaining an electron
Term
Define: Cation
Definition
an atom positively charged from losing an electron
Term
How does a molecule form?
Definition
2 or more atoms come together in a chemical reaction by sharing or exchanging valence electrons
Term
When forming a molecule, can the atoms be the same or do they have to be different?
Definition
They can be the same or different
Term
What is a compound?
Definition
a chemical substance composed of 2 or more different elements by a chemical reaction
Term
What is a Free Radical?
Definition
an electrically charged atom or groups of atoms with an unpaired electron in its outermost shell (valence)
Term
Is a Free Radical stable?
Why?
How does it become stable?
Definition
No
It has an unpaired electron.
By giving up the unpaired electron or taking an electron from another molecule.
Term
Studies suggest that you can take what to prevent Free Radical induced damage?
Definition
Antioxidants- they lack an electron, which causes them to bind with the Free Radicals
Term
What are the products of a chemical bond?
Definition
Molecules and Compounds
Term
What is the Octet Rule?
Definition
The explanation why atoms interact in a chemical reaction; Ideally, every atom (except H and He) want 8 electrons in their valence shell
Term
What are the 3 types of chemical bonds?
Definition
Ionic bond, Covalent bond, Hydrogen bond
Term
What is an ionic bond?
Definition
Ions are joined and one or more electrons are TRANSFERRED between atoms
Term
What is a covalent bond?
Definition
Forms when two atoms SHARE one or more pairs of electrons
Term
What makes a covalent bond stronger?
Definition
More pairs of electrons shared
Term
Can Ionic bonds form between two atoms of the same element?
Definition
No
Term
What is a polar covalent bond?
Definition
when shared electrons orbit one nucleus more than the other
Term
What is a non polar covalent bond?
Definition
when shared electrons orbit each nucleus equally
Term
Hydrogen bonds confer _____, _______, and ______.
Definition
Strength, Stability, and Shape
Term
When do chemical reactions occur?
Definition
When new bonds form or old bonds break
Term
What is an exergonic reaction?
Definition
when the amount of energy RELEASED is MORE than energy ABSORBED
Term
What is an energonic reaction?
Definition
when the amount of energy ABSORBED is MORE than what can be RELEASED
Term
What is Activation Energy?
Definition
Kinetic; the amount of energy needed to disrupt the electronic stability of a molecule; energy needed to start reactions
Term
What is a Catalyst?
Definition
a reusable substance that speeds up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy
Term
What is an acid?
Definition
a substance that dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions (H+) and one or more ions
Term
What is a base?
Definition
a substance that dissociates into one or more hydroxide ions (OH-) and one or more ions
Term
What is a salt?
Definition
a substance that dissociates into cations and anions, NEITHER of which are OH- or H+
Term
4 Properties of water?
Definition
Universal solvent, thermal stability, cohesion, chemical reactivity
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