Term
| What are different types of wounds? |
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Definition
- Incision
- Puncture
- Laceration
- Contusion
- Burn |
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Term
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Definition
| Pus surrounded by tissue - the bodies attempt to localize infection. An adaptive response. |
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Term
| What are the leading causes of Staph wound infections? |
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Definition
- S. aureus - Coagulase, clumping factor, protein A, alpha toxin. Can spread systemically to heart/joints
- S. epidermidis - not invasive, but can make biofilms --> subacute bacterial endocarditis
Pyogenic - produce pus. Toxic shock may occur due to exotoxin. |
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Term
| What factors increase the chance of a staph wound infection? |
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Definition
- Nasal carrier
- Incr age
- Immunosuppression
- Long hospital stay
**Tx - Penicillins w/ anti-beta lactamase or Vancomycin |
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Term
| What causes Group A Strep infection? |
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Definition
Generally S. pyogenes
Can lead to: pneumonia, meningitis, TSS, fasciitis, childbirth fever |
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Term
| How are Group A Strep infections treated? |
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Definition
- Penicillin or surgery
- Sx: pain, swelling, skin tightening/discolor, shock
**Virulence factors: Pyogenic exotoxin A causes TSS, exotoxin B destroys tissue |
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Term
| What are P. aeruginosa infections? |
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Definition
A major nosocomial infection in burn patients --> lung and heart biofilms
**Characteristic change in skin color to green, chills, fever, shock |
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Term
| How are P. Aeruginosa infections treated? |
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Definition
Removal of dead tissue - tx with silver sulfadiazine. multi-drug resistant.
*Virulence factors: exoenzyme S (inhibits GPCR), Toxin A (inhibits cell proteins), and phospholipase C (hemolysis) |
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Term
| What are the 2 stages of tetanus? |
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Definition
- Early symptoms - restless and irritable, contraction of jaw, convulsions
- late symptoms - increased muscle movement causes pain, difficulty breathing, death |
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Term
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Definition
Clostridium tetani - an anaerobic gram + bacillus that forms spores
**Toxin called tetanospasmin released, blocks motor neuron inhibition, muscles don't relax.
Found in dirt, results from puncture wounds |
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Term
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Definition
- Tx: Metronidazole and antitoxin
- Prevention - inactivated tetanospasmin |
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Term
| What is Clostridial Myonecrosis? |
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Definition
"Gas Gangrene" - untreated wounds become infected with Clostridium perfringens, an encapsulated gram + bacillus.
**Presence of dirt in wound and delay in Tx |
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Term
| What causes a gas gangrene infection? |
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Definition
C. perfringens only grows in dead or hypoxemic tissue. Produces an alpha-toxin that kills cells, gas through fermentation
**Tx: hyperbaric oxygen, penicillin |
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Term
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Definition
"Lumpy jaw" - lesions open and drain pus caused by Actinomyces israelii, a gram + anaerobe
**direct contact through mouth, responds to penicillin and tetracycline |
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Term
| What disease is contracted through bites? |
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Definition
Pasteurella multocida - a gram - facultative anaerobe w/ a capsule
**Best known to cause Fowl Cholera, pneumonia in livestock. Penicillin Tx. |
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Term
| What is Cat Scratch Disease? |
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Definition
From a scratch or bite, enlargement of lymph nodes and a fever caused by Bartonella henselae, a gram (-) bacillus
**Self-limiting, but can be fatal. |
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Term
| What are complications from cat scratch disease? |
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Definition
Peliosis hepatitis
Bacillary angiomatosis |
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Term
| What is Streptobacillary Rat Bite Fever? |
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Definition
Chills, HA, fever 2-10 days after a bite. Joint pain in large joints.
**Caused by Streptobacillus moniliformis, a gram(-) facultative anaerobe. Can be L-form.
Tx with penicillin |
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Term
| What are complications from a human bite? |
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Definition
- crushing nature = anaerobic conditions
- Facultative anaerobes + normal flora |
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Term
| What infections result from wounds and what causes these infections? |
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Definition
- Staphylococcus infection - S. aureus, gram(+). May be MSSA or MRSA
- Group A Strep - Streptococcus pyogenes, gram(+)
- P. aeruginosa, gram(-) bacilli
- Tetanus - Clostridium tetani, gram(+) bacilli
- Gas Gangrene - Clostridium perfringens, gram(+) bacilli
- Actinomycosis - Actinomyces israelii, gram(+)
- Bites/Fowl cholera - Pasteurella multocida, gram(-)
- Cat Scratch disease - Bartonella henselae, gram(-)
- Rat bite fever - Streptobacillus moniliformis, gram(-) |
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