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| Dark skinned Indians who lives in the Indus Valley before Aryan invaders arrived. |
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| Unvaded India around 1200 BCE |
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| Ritual materials of the Aryans. Rigveda, Artharvaveda, Yajurveda, and Samaveda |
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| Main Veda text. Concentrates on nature gods and their characteristics: such as Varuna (creator), Agni (fire), Indra (Warrior) Soma (plant) Rudra (storm), Purusha (the sacrificial being). |
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| The veda book that focuses on charms and spells that allow people to make their lives better |
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| The veda that focuses on hymns and prose of praise to the gods |
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| rituals and chants for the priests to use during the sacrificial offering of Soma. |
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| Rajveda God of fire- sacrifice |
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| Rajveda warrior god who combats evil |
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| Rajveda god, plant/ sleep. Used in sacrifice |
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| Ancient Hindu texts meaning "What is heard" -most sacred texts: such as the Vedas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas, and Upanishads |
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| "What is remembered" Ancient texts- not as sacred as the shruti- Laws of Manu, Itihasa Purana, Mahabharata, Ramayana |
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| Primordial being in the Vedas that was used as a sacrifice to create the world |
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| Shruti text: manual for priests, an explanation of sacrifices |
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| Forest books- a Shruti text |
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| a shruti text. Ideology beyond the vedas. Focus on individual salvation. Atman, Brahman, Karma, Moksha, Varna, Ashram |
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| Brahman inside the individual. Understanding that Atman and Brahman are one=salvation |
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| Ultimate reality, the main god. Atman=Brahman |
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| Brahman with person like attributes |
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| Brahman without person like attributes. Beyond attributes |
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| "Actions" that determine present and future. Affects reincarnation |
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| release from reincarnation. Liberation from suffering and continual rebirth. |
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| caste/ class. Brahmins: priests, Kshatriyas: nobles/ warrios, Vaishyas: business men, producers, Shudras: laborers, Untouchables |
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| 2nd in caste, warriors/ nobles |
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| 3rd in caste- producers, artisans, business people |
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| Lowest of caste system. Dirty jobs within society |
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| Stage of life: 1. student, 2. household owner, 3. retirement or alternative path 4. Sannyasa: houseless wanderer. Freedom from karma/ renunciant of life and duty. |
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Epic poem from Mahabharata. Dialogue between Arjuna and Krishna. Teaches how to live best.
1. Karma yoga, 2. jnana yoga, 3. bhakti yoga. |
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| Yoga= discipline. Karma yoga= devotion to the gods by fulfilling one's duty within their varna/ caste system, and Ashram/ their current duty in life |
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| devotion to the gods through meditation= better karma= good actions |
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| Worship to the gods through success. Not for personal gain but as an offering to the gods |
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| Hindu rite of devotion by offering food to the god/s |
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| 8 stages developed by patanjali. yama. niyama, asana, paranayama, pratyahara, darana, dhyana, samadhi |
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| stage 1 of yogasutra. Restraint |
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| stage 2 of yogasutra = spiritual discipline |
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| stage 3 of yogasutra = physical control |
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| stage 4 of yogasutra = beathing control |
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| stage 5 of yogasutra = withdrawal from senses |
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| 6th stage in yogasutra = mental concentration |
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| 7th stage in yogasutra = absorption |
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| 8th and final stage in yogasutra = oneness with Brahman |
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| Philosopher who revives Upanishads= Atman=Brahman. Understanding of this truth = enlightenment. |
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| Mythical texts. Emphasis on the three major gods: Brahman: creator, Vishnu: sustainer, and Shiva: destroyer |
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| sustainer of the world. Avator: animals, Rama and Krishna. Kind and compassionate. Consort: Lakshmi/ Sita. |
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| Consort of Vishnu. Sita/ incarnation of Lakshmi, wife of Rama |
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| Followers of Vishnu. Paint U or V on forehead. |
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| destroyer of the world paired with female power (shakti). Shiva consorts: Sati (beautiful lover), Uma (also Parvati- ideal housewife) and Kali- destructive goddess. |
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| wife of parvati and son with elephant head- moves obstacles |
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| followers of Shiva. 3 lines across the forehead. |
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| Consort of Shiva- frightening. Destroys evil. |
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| conch shell, depiction of female power |
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| phallus shaped, representation of male power |
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| sound, word or phrase used in meditation. ex: om |
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| visual diagram used in meditation |
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| symmetrical arrangement of gods |
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| blended eastern and western thought. monotheistic hinduism. services modeled after christianity. criticized the caste system, championed women's rights |
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| Back to the Vedas revivalist- hindu fundamentalist. Against Christianity and Jesus. |
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| follower of Kali- guru. Believed all religions are different manifestations of one god. Absorbtion in devotion to the gods |
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| follower of ramakrishna. Missionary to the west. believed every religion worshipped manifestations of one god |
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| Militant Hindu nationalist- used Ghagavagita as basis for violence |
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| Nationalist leader, used non violence to overthrow the english government in India. Nonviolence (Ahimas_ |
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| Anthropologist. 5 steps to explain how symbols are used religiously within different cultures. |
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| Religion explained economically. Religion is the opium for the oppressed. |
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| Reilgion not a byproduct of humanity or other sciences, but stands on its own. The element of the sacred |
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| Religion can be explained psychologically. Life is too hard, filled with insecurities and fragility, so humanity turns to religion. |
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| Explains religion sociologically: Used to create a social structure. |
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| Ancient mythology texts which include Mahabharata (bhagavagita) Ramayana and 18 puranas honoring Brahma, Shiva and Vishnu |
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| Epic poem about a household at war. The sons and nephews of a king and Krishna's involvement. Included the Bhagavagita |
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| An epic about the ideal man: rama (vishnu) and Sita (Lakshmi) the ideal woman. Demonstrated love in a marriage and love toward a deity. |
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| the hindu concept of the wheel of rebirth that turns forever. Souls are reborn until attaining perfection |
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| A Hindu code of conduct compiled from 200 BCE- 200 CE |
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