Term
|
Definition
philosopher that came up with the term Axial Age
|
|
|
Term
| 500 BCE; range: 800 - 200 BCE |
|
Definition
| The date of Axial Age; range of Axial Age |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Beginning of Axial Age and so on |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| concerned about maintaining and preserving cosmic social order - if it was not, it would become run down and die, the only way it was sustainable was through the cooperation of people and the gods |
|
|
Term
| 7 Civilizations of the Dawn of Human History |
|
Definition
| Sumer, Egypt, Crete, Harappan, China, Olmec, Chavin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sumer Civilization called themselves this |
|
|
Term
| Sumer Civilization Invented this |
|
Definition
| This civilization invented the wheel, calendar, glass, bronze, writing |
|
|
Term
| Maritime Commercial Empire |
|
Definition
| The Crete Civilization invented this |
|
|
Term
| Maritime Commercial Empire |
|
Definition
| Exploit shipping network for civiliztion; everyone's trade was taken in Minoan ships which is the 1st to have happened |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Known well for its royal tombs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Irrigation system - Water was used to see water shows by priests in temples |
|
|
Term
| Full Self-Reflective Consciousness |
|
Definition
| Being present to one's self as a subject, an agent, as a center of experiences; recognizing that one's own self is autonomous and separate from the other selves around one, and able to make deliberate decisions; being able to attend to the workings of one's own mind, as well as sense experience; possessing qualities like sympanthy with others, a sense of the purpose of one's own activities, and a creative imagination |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Pre-Axial Religion |
|
Definition
| Relied on the Gods to help them get the good stuff of life (wins in battle, children, food, rain, etc); conservative and non-critical - ambition to keep everything exactly the same |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Axial Sages |
|
Definition
| Acquired modern form of consciousness, stronger idea of "I" and "me" - self reflected consciousness; Anxiety about death and the afterlife; Empathy - understanding and seeing everyone as individuals, know everyone feels things like me; finite/infinite - something on edge of the this group existed; Transcendence - beyond sensory experience; Immanence - "deep in us" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Deep care for the pain of others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Everyone in the world is subject to the golden rule - compassion for everyone (pre axial) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| need to have compassion even when you are suffering; not something that comes naturally to you - need spiritual methods that will allow one to gain this aspect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"noble" or "honorable"; nomads or semi-nomadic - follow herds in search of good grazing land and fresh water supply
some ended up in the Indus Valley, and others ended up in Iran |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| language that the Aryan people spoke in Iran |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ancient Iranian Scriptures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| language spoken in the Indus River Valley |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ancient Indo-aryan scriptures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the drug priests took in order to have visions and enter into the world of the gods |
|
|
Term
| Gods of the Common People |
|
Definition
| concerned with the gods who controlled the natural world (ex. sun, moon, etc) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(priest: someone who conducts the rights and sacrifices)
Three particular gods: Fire, Water, Soma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A cosmic principle that means "order" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a cosmic principle that means "disorder", "disharmony", "chaos" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1 - Sky: beautiful, upsidedown bowl
2 - Water: bottom of the upsidedown bowl
3 - Solid Earth: floating on the water
4 - One plant = life
5 - one animal = bull
6 - 1 man = yama
7 - Fire |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
describes a very simple or fundamental ceremony - "pouring out"
1 - Fire: incense on fire of plants and animal fat
2 - Water: Sprinkle leaves over milky water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| War god who drives war chariot across the sky; the world began with a battle which was led by Indra, which brought the world into being; when they fought on earth, they felt Indra was working through them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In Zoroastrianism - "bad" - nomads |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Zoroastrianism: Everything good in the cosmos come from him |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| evil deva; source of everything who is equal to and opposed to Lord Mazda |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| great opposing forces between Lord Mazda and Ahriman |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order and purify their environment; supposed to pray 5 times a day and meditate how "evil" evil is - everytime you pray it has to be in the presence of fire or sun |
|
|
Term
| Judgment day of Mazda followers |
|
Definition
| judgment is only temporary; until the final judgment day at the end of the world - at the end, all of the dead will be raised after the final battle between Lord Mazda and Ahriman |
|
|
Term
| Linear Conception of Time |
|
Definition
| a single beginning and a single ending |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Conducts the final judgment at the end of time; savior figure in Zoroastrianism; literally a child of Zoroastrianism himself |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| elite of the Aryan warrior amongst Indo-Aryans; responsible for composing the hymns that contained the Rig Veda |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| collection of over 1000 hymns, composed by any number of religious figures and authorities; extreme variety of topics and different answers to fundamental questions/topics - oldest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rig Veda, Ceremonial Knowledge, Chant Knowledge, Knowledge from the teacher Atharva (prayers and charms) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sophisticated, difficult to do rites; needed a class of people to run them (Brahmin) - performed for maybe a petition of an after life, shows the beginning of being concerned about after life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| priests that ran the Shrauta Rites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the words of the shrauta rites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The force that worked through the rites and sacrifices that strengthened and invigorated and refreshed the cosmos |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are Brahmin or "priests"; decided old cycle of violence MUST END and that it starts with the rights and sacrifices |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The rites and sacrifices that the reformers believed were going to end the cycle of violence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Charter Myth - Battle with death with Prajapati |
|
Definition
"who can perform the rites and sacrifices better?"
prajapati refuses to fight according to old rules, but according to new ones = HE WON |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| must actually pay attention to what's going on during the rites and sacrifices, otherwise they will NOT work |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| for a person who is expert in rites and sacrifices; a person would be in solitary meditation and would be just as effective |
|
|
Term
| Forest Wanderers/renouncers |
|
Definition
| they had everything life could offer; material things everyone could aspire for; yet discarded it all and walked away and became mendicants (religious beggars) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| materials, comfortable; religiously important; qualified to perform rites and sacrifices in their homes but were NOT SATISFIED - became forest wanderers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| coincides exactly with Axial Age; made up of poetry and philosophy; "to sit apart" or to sit at the feet of a guru or teacher; found material benefits did not matter |
|
|
Term
| Charter Myth of Nachiketas |
|
Definition
| asks death a question: essentially a question about what happens to people when they die. Death replies - ask me another favor. Nachiketa responds by saying the he know it is extremely difficult to understand, but there is no other favor greater than this. - Shows how much anxiety people had about the after life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Endless process of rebirth and redeath - reincarnation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
makes a person's moral behavior decisive; determines the form and rank of a person's next birth
meant a persons fate was in their own hands
the idea of samsara made people extremely sad |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "liberation" or "escape" forever from the wheel of samsara; this can only be accomplished if you take the "leap" |
|
|
Term
| How Moksha can be achieved |
|
Definition
knowing the two types of knowledge:
Brahman - the foundation of the whole of life
Atman - fundamental nature of self; what is most real about self or soul
These are interchangeable
|
|
|
Term
| knowledge of atman cannot be gained through these three things |
|
Definition
Imperceptible - cannot use your senses to gain knowledge of soul
Incomprehensible - cannot think your way through it
Ineffable - cannot be described through words |
|
|
Term
| Fundamental Error of the cause of suffering |
|
Definition
| by confusing our lower self with our higher self |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a "veil" of ignorance; causes us to draw wrong conclusions - we see plurality where there is, in fact, UNITY
people are deceived by maya when they see themselves as separate entitites, as individuals separate from each other from reality
causes people to identify with their LOWERSELVES and think in self centered ways |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
get at lowerself because we can get at our lowerselves; until only higherself is left
MEDITATION is the only way to achieve this -> BAHKTI Hindusim |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Loving devotion towards a deity or guru |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what people were looking for to find their way out of samsara or rebirth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a new caste that emerged during a period of rapid urbanization; KINGLY WARRIOR CLASS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tribe that the Buddha belonged to |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Clan that Buddha belonged to |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sage of the Shakya tribe - name also given to the Buddha |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the Buddha was this during his first 6 years on this spiritual quest (asceticism) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In order to achieve anything spiritually, you have to care for your body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Where the Buddha became enlightened |
|
|
Term
| How the Buddha became enlightened |
|
Definition
| sitting under the Bodhi tree, remembered himself when he was a young prince, payed attention to his breath = worked |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pay attention to your surroundings, body, and mind; have to develop awareness without judgment; if we catergorize our experiences we will never learn anything new or have new insights |
|
|
Term
| The Buddha's First Teaching |
|
Definition
Buddha's first discourse and turning the wheels of Dharma: 4 NOBLE TRUTHS
1 - Suffering - Dukka
2 - Cause of Suffering
3 - Do not have to suffer
4 - 8 Fold path to enlightenment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Suffering: Dukka - being separated from what we love, not getting what we want, getting what we dont want |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cause of suffering is DESIRE. When you have to have something |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Do not have to suffer - stop craving, then you will be liberated from suffering and rebirth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
8 Fold Path to Enlightenment
1 - Right understanding: reading, reflection, knowledge
2 - Right intention: determined to follow the right way, and in every way you can manage, will overcome GREED, HATRED, AND HARMING
3/4/5 - Right Speech, right action, and livelihood: saying the right thing, doing the right thing, and having the right job
5 Moral Precepts: like the ten commandments
6/7/8 - Right effort, right meditation, and right contemplation: the mind has to be disciplined; before we discipline, we have to figure out what the mind is; discipline requires skill and patience |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. I will refrain from harming sentient beings
2. I will not take what is offered
3. I will refrain from sexual conduct
4. I will refrain from false speech
5. I will refrain from stupifying drink |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Meditate; evoke feeling of love and project it out to the 4 corners of the earth to embrace everything and everyone
1- love
2 - empathy - for all pain and suffering that is going on in the world
3 - sympathetic joy - no envy or self diminishment
4 - equanimity toward others, without no attraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| closest to the original teachings; way of the ELDERS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "ordinary people"; people started thinking of Buddha more as "godlike" that can actually save them; came up with the term BODDHISATTVA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "enlightenment being"; someone who has all they need to achieve Nirvana, but holds back for/in compassion for others (choose to stay in the wheel of samsara in order to be a teacher) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tibetan hinduism; regarded as being separate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an old man, a sick man, a corpse, and a wandering holy man - SANNYASIN |
|
|
Term
| When Buddha was an old man he was offered food by a blacksmith named Chunda. He ate it. Then what happened? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the term for a circular design containing deities, geometrical forms, symbols, and so on that represent totality, the self, or the universe? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Shrines/Dome that are put in sacred places; also symbols that represent the Buddha and his teachings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diamond scepter that is used a symbol for meaning "compassion"; used in tibetan buddhism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the Buddhist term for a symbolic gesture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In what school (kind) of Mahayana Buddhism is enlightened awareness called "satori"? |
|
|
Term
| how is the Dali Lama Chosen? |
|
Definition
| Monks use a state oracle to find the Dali Lama's place of rebirth, then put the objects mixed with other objects that the Dali Lama used, and only the child that chooses those objects represents the reincarnated Dali Lama |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The words "India" and "Hindu" derive from one word. What word? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What are the names of the prince and his chariot driver in the Bhagavad Gita? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The upanishads teach that it is true to say that I am God |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inner peace that someone reaches from yoga, in which one loses the sense of being separate from the Universe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One goddess, whose name means "dark", is associated with destruction and rebirth. She is a form of Devi, the Divine Feminine. She is often shown wearing a necklace of human skulls, her fanged teeth dripping with blood. What is her name? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Brahma, Shiva, and Vishnu |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| divine devotion to a deity or guru |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Religious literary work about Krishna |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the divine feminine; a mother-goddess, a form of Devi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the spiritual discipline of postures and bodily exercises |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the spiritual discipline of knowledge and insights |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the spiritual discipline of selfless action |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a short sacred phrase, often chanted or used in meditation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| offerings and ritual in honor of a deity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the royal discipline of meditation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a god and mythical king; a form of vishnu |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a god associated with destruction and rebirth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a god associated with the preservation and love |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the relase from suffering and rebirth that brings inner peace |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thervada - a person who has reached nirvana |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| impermanence, constant change |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a question that cannot be answered logically; a technique used to test consciousness and bring awakening |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a community of monks and nuns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sacred text, especially one said to record the words of buddha |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thatness; the uniqueness of each changing moment of reality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the three bodies of the Buddha |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the three collections of buddhists texts |
|
|
