¨       How are modern human beings different from Neanderthals?  In what ways are we similar?

Neanderthals were larger and stockier. No art or complex tools.

Humans were taller and thinner smaller globular brains, more complex tools such as microblades and bone tools, cave art

Interbred with humans

replaced by humans

They evolved into modern humans

¨       When and by what means did human beings colonize each of the continents and the Pacific islands?

Start in Africa

Then walked to Mid-East => Asia => Indonesia

Island Hopped in boats to colonize Australia and Polynesia

Land Brige to theAmericas

North to Europe

Small groups,Highly mobile

Leadership by achievement

Communal living = no Private Property

¨       How has global climate changed over the last 100,000 years?  Why does global climate change?

General trend toward warmer and more stable starting ~12000 years ago

Younger Dryas marked brief return of Pleistocene conditions ~ 11000 years ago

¨       How do archaeologists and natural scientists reconstruct climate change?

O-18 in Ice cores give ocean temp, Particles and Gas bubbles give climate and atmosphere

Ocean coring- O-18 and pollen

Packrat middens Carbon 18 levels, and local vegitation

Studies of glaciers and coastal landforms see rising and falling/ advancements and retreats

¨       How do archaeologists and natural scientists reconstruct human impacts on the environment (see Tikopia and Mangaia lecture)? 

Lake bad cores - Carbon, pollen, and sediment Analysis

Faunalanalysis = presence of and change in frequencies of species

¨       How did humans respond to global warming at the start of the Holocene, circa 12,000 years ago?

¨       Why did human beings start herding and farming?

Climate Change

Population Growth

Political - Surplus == Power

¨       What was the impact of agriculture on human health and society?

Increase in population, instaces of osteoarthritis, andbirthsper lifetime

Decrease in dental health and diet diversity

¨       Why and by what process did complex political organizations, such as chiefdoms and states, develop in Egypt, Mesopotamia, Africa, the Indus Valley, China, Mesoamerica, and Andean South America?

Developed to cope with functional and social issues of a large population

Classes developed because of wealth haves vs have nots

Warfare banded together under a leader for protection

¨       How and why did ancient societies construct large monuments, such as the pyramids of Egypt, Stonehenge, and the giant heads of Easter Island?

¨       How do archaeologists reconstruct prehistoric political organizations?

¨       What are the main characteristics of the environment of Egypt?

95 % desert

Nile river floods annually

Good mediteranian fishing

Because the irrigation channels and the nile played such a role in agriculture

control the channels/ nile == control of the people

¨       What was the environment of Egypt like in the Pleistocene?

¨       How did people make a living in Egypt in the Pleistocene?

¨       How did the environment of Egypt changed at the beginning of the Holocene (8,000 BC)?

Moist and Sahara became grassland

¨       When did herding and farming begin in Egypt?

¨       How did the environment of Egypt changed after 6,000 BC?

¨       How did Egyptian society change in the Predynastic Period and the Early Dynastic Period?

Social Stratification - Rise of the God Kings  1st == Narmer

Currenct Introduced Bread and Beer

Crats areas introduced

Monument building

¨       What roles did irrigation, warfare, and social stratification played in the formation of early states in Egypt?

State played minor role in irrigation

Narmer united Egypt with warfare

Social stratification occurred as more wealth accumulated

¨       What are the main environmental characteristics of Africa?

Three main river valleys: Nile, Congo, and Niger

Almost every climate imaginable

wet/ dry monsoon cycles

¨       What are the monsoon rains and what are their impacts on people in African and along the Indian Ocean?

Annual cyclical rains that provide the water for agriculture

Also "trade" winds

¨       What are the four language groups of Africa and where are they located?

¨       What are the two centers of domestication in Africa (Ethiopia & Sahel) and what crops and animals were domesticated in each area?

Central-Africa = Domesticated Cattle

West Africa = Cattle, millet, sorghum, rice, okra

¨       What were the main accomplishments of the Kush Kingdom; where was it located; and when did it exist?

in Meroe (Sudan)

Litterate

Conquered Eygpt 750 BC

Coinage and Long Distance trade

Developed Iron and Steel in West Africa

¨       What was the Bantu expansion, when did it occur, and why is it important?

500 - 1000 AD

Migration of Bantu Speakers

One of the most significant human migrations and cultural transformations

¨       What were the main accomplishments of the four empires of the Sahel; where were they located; and when did they exist?

¨       What were the main accomplishments of the Kingdom of Axum; where was it located; and when did it exist?

Northern Ethiopia near the Red Sea

Pre-Axumite, Axumite, Medieval 500BC - 1800 AD

Written language, Coinage, Long distance trade, Christian kingdom, Obelisk of Axum

¨       When did farming develop in the Indus Valley?

¨       When did states first developed in the Indus Valley?

¨       What did the cities of Harrapa or Mohenjo Daro look like and how were they organized? 

¨       What were the main factors that influenced the development of states in the Indus Valley?

¨       How were the Harrapan states different from early states in Egypt and Mesopotamia?

¨       When and where did early farming villages emerge in China?

¨       When did early chiefdoms first emerge in China? What were the characteristics of those early chiefdoms?

3000 to 2205 BC

Fortified villages

Sacrafices of humans and animals

Elite burials

Pottery Jade and Bronze Craftsman

¨       What are the names and approximate dates of the four early dynasties in China?

Xia 2205BC

Shang 1766 BC

Zhou 1122 BC

Qin/ Han 221BC to 220AD

¨       How were the early state capitals in China organized (their spatial layout)?

¨       What were the main sources of power of the leaders of the Shang State?

Standing army

Control of religion writting and craft production

¨       When did the first empire develop in China?

¨       Whatdid the first empire develop in China?

Standard weights and currency

Monopoly of salt and iron

center of industry in the world

silk road

great wall

Royal tombs

First census

¨       What theories best explain the development of states in China?

¨       How were early Chinese early states similar to and different from early states in Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Indus Valley?

Eygpt- God Kings

Mesopotamia and Indus- Large trade network and craft production

     diff. b/c China had city states

¨       What environmental factors were important in the development of early chiefdoms in the Olmec area?

High precipitation facilitated agriculture

Rich bottomland near river so no fallowing needed

Wild palms

Productive forest and aquatic environments

Hunted deer, peccary and monkey

¨       When did villages develop along the Gulf coast of Mesoamerica?

¨       When did chiefdoms first develop along the gulf coast of Mesoamerica

¨       How were the sites of San Lorenzo and La Venta abandoned? What does that tell us about the collapse of Olmec chiefdoms?

¨       What do the sites of San Lorenzo and La Venta tell us about Olmec society?

¨       What did the sites of San Lorenzo and La Venta look like?

¨       Where was Teotihuacan located?

¨       What are the key environmental characteristics of the Valley of Mexico and how did they influence the development of the Teotihuacan State?

¨       How big was Teotihuacan?

¨       What was the layout of the city of Teotihuacan?

Ceremonial core

central precinct : pyramids of the Sun and Moon, Ciudadela, and Temple of the Feathered Serpent

¨       What was the social and political structure of Teotihuacan?

Highly stratified with nobles on top followed by middle class craftsman and merchants then commoners

¨       When did the Teotihuacan State form?

¨       Why and how did Teotihuacan form?

100 BC to 70 AD 80-90 % of the valley moved to teotihuacan

Irrication and obsidian controlled by leaders of teotihuacan.

¨       How big was the Teotihuacan State?

¨       What other states were contemporary with Teotihuacan?

Zapotec in Oaxaca Valley

Mayan state in Tikal

¨       What was the relationship of Teotihuacan to those states?

Zapotec: close; probably a diplomatic relationship

Maya: possible trading partners

¨       When did the Teotihuacan State collapse?

¨       Why did Teotihuacan collapse?

¨       When did the Aztec Empire develop?

¨       How was it organized?

Highly Stratified, God king

Great market system w/ cotton textile currency

Chinampa fields

¨       How did it collapse?

¨       How did the Inca Empire conquer and control such a large area of the Andes? 

¨       What techniques did the Inca use to control and govern the empire?

Highway systam

Standing Army

Stockpiles of grain

every rest house had runners that carriedkhipu knot messages

Quechua administrative language

¨     What type of taxation did the leaders of the Inka Empire use?  How was tax collected and recorded?

¨       How did Pizarro & a small group of soldiers defeat the Inka Empire?

¨       How as the Tomb of Sipan discovered and what did it contain?

Looters in November of 1986

1000 pieces of pottery, silver staff

¨       What is the importance of the Tomb of Sipan?

¨       What happened to the looted collections?  What happened to the collections excavated by Walter Alva?

The looted joined private collections after hopping through the UK and the USA

Alva's was put in a public museum: Museo de Tumbes Reales de Sipan

¨       What are the key reasons that Walter Alva succeeded in saving the Tomb of Sipan?