Term
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Definition
countries with low average incomes relative to industrialized states, a reliance on primary product exports, limited technology, and few social services.
EX: Africas global exports have declined to less than 2% by 2004 and has remained that low
EX:Realists and other theorists will argue that developed states will take advantage of the LDC’s to increase their own wealth and power.
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Term
Newly Industrialized Countries |
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Definition
social and economic classification recognizing states’ industrialization but placing them on the development continuum somewhat below the most advanced industrialized states and above LDC’s.
EX: South Koreaàproduced textiles and machinery in 1930’sàcritical standard of development
EX: China à ranks among LDCs in terms of standard of living, among NIC’s industrial growth, and among most powerful countries in terms of economic influence
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Term
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Definition
List of 10 recommendations John Williamist thought were most commonly offered by American and Bretton Woods institutions; came to be used as shorthand for a broader liberal economic philosophy.
EX: suggest that free trade and liberalization are tides that create development opportunities for states
EX: Globalization has opened doors and facilitated development in places that otherwise would have had fewer opportunities
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Term
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Definition
Multilateral debts, occurs when a government borrows from IMF, other govs, or foreign banks
EX: 25% of US debt is held abroad making US liable for external interest transfers.
EX:When debt is held externally, it may also cause a depreciation in the exchange rate and hence a worsening of the terms of trade. (imports more expensive)
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Term
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Definition
Changes in the characteristics of human populations, including rate of growth, average age, literacy, etc.
EX:Between 1750 and 1975 England experienced the transition from high levels of both mortality and fertility, to low levels. A major factor was the sharp decline in the death rate for infectious diseases
EX:In the 1980s and 1990s Russia underwent a unique demographic transition; observers call it a "demographic catastrophe": the number of deaths exceeded the number of births, life expectancy fell sharply (especially for males) and the number of suicides increased.
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Term
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Definition
Non-partisan, non profit organization promoting worldwide freedom and democracy
EX: The number of free countries grew from 27% of all countries to 46%
EX:Nigeria got a "5" and a "4," earning it the designation of "partly free,"in political rights
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Term
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Definition
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The ratio of export prices to import prices
EX:DIversified economies. Economies based on several products, trades, and services.Raises a high ration of export. postive terms of trade.
EX:Dependancy theory. THis argues that adventagous terms of trade further and poverishes the LDCs.
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Term
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Definition
Economies based on several, if not many, products, industries, ad services
EX: Kuwait is not a diversified economy because it is solely dependent on oil
EX: Brazil is a deiversified economy
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Term
Import-Substitution Industrialization:
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Definition
is a trade and economic policy that advocates replacing foreign imports with domestic production.
EX: ISI was most successful in countries with large populations and income levels which allowed for the consumption of locally produced products.
EX: Import substitution policies were adopted by most nations in Latin America from the 1930s until the late 1980s.
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Term
Export-led Industrialization:
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Definition
is a trade and economic policy aiming to speed up the industrialization process of a country by exporting goods for which the nation has a comparative advantage.
EX:Export-oriented industrialization was particularly characteristic of the development of the national economies of the Asian Tigers: Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan, and Singapore in the post-World War II period.
EX:is partially responsible for the damage done by the 1998 economic crisis to the economies of countries who used export-oriented industrialization.
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Term
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Structural Adjustment Policies:
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Definition
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Application, often under some duress from IMF, World Bank, or US, of strict economic reforms rooted in liberal assumptions of the requirements of development.
EX: LDCS applied on set up to facilitate development
EX: debt burden
ex. Applicable to Modernization Theory, in that MDC's provide aid to LDC's and is essential to their development.
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Term
Institutional Corruption:
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Definition
Kleptocracy, entire system is based upon stealing from others
EX: Russia àOver 50% of Russians polled listed corruption as the main impediment to development
EX: You can pay off cops in Mexico when they pull you over
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Term
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Definition
Patronageà The person in power and all of that leaders close friends and acquaintances get the money in the country.
Ex: Columbiaà Warlord Salvatore asserted that is paramilitary controlled 35% of Columbia’s national congress
EX: Nigeria
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Term
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Definition
developed world storyàrule of law catches you
EX: Martha Stuart was convicted of charges related to the ImClone insider trading affair
EX: Indonesias Mohamed Suharto embezzled between 15-35 billion
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Term
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Definition
introduced a new way of measuring development by combining indicators of life expectancy, educational attainment and income into a composite human development index, the HDI.
EX: China is top 1 or 2 in HDI
EX: Its different from GDP because it focuses more on the individual and not the economy
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Term
Millennium development Goals |
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Definition
which range from halving extreme poverty rates to halting the spread of HIV/AIDS and providing universal primary education, all by the target date of 2015
EX: Each goal represents a form of development in itself, but also reps a requirement for broader development
EX:
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Term
Replacement level fertility |
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Definition
Two parents are replaced by two children which is an international goal to reduce overall population growth.
EX> One child policy
EX: Aims to illuminate problems of demographic transition. Not too many old, or young people.
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Term
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Definition
cities with more than 10 million people.
Ex: Urbanization causes these megacities. Leads to lower standard of living but necessary for development of a country.
Ex: LD’C/ NIC’s
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Term
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Definition
: People who are displaced from their own countries.
EX: Internally displaced. The opposite.
EX: Israelites to the U.S. and Jewish to Israel.
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Term
Internally displace people |
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Definition
People who are displaced within their own country.
EX: Refugees, The opposite.
EX: Afghanistan’s moved to different parts of the country to avoid war zones during the
Afghanistan War.
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Term
World Health Organization: |
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Definition
A humanitarian organization est. in 1948 under the ECO SOC umbrella of the U.N. Aids in development of national health administrations and provides advisory services.
EX> Counteract NTD like Aids and HIV
EX: Millennium goals in combating diseases.
EX: Prevelant in LDC
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Term
Neglected tropical diseases: |
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Definition
Diseases that affect people in the poorest parts of the world in which housing sanitation and water supplies are deficient.
EX: WHO
EX: Malaria, Aids
EX: Prevalent in LDC’s
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Term
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Definition
A severe form of pneumonia. A virus that causes breathing difficulty and sometimes death.
EX: Hit China Taiwan and Singapore very hard.
EX: China quarantined 27,000 Taiwan 12,000
EX: Prevalent in LDC’s
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