Term
| New World Info + Communication Order (NWICL) |
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Definition
| the controversial G.S. effort to combat what was termed 'cultural imperialism' by limiting the news + info disseminated by the Western transnational news agencies. |
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Term
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Definition
| the thesis that by their ability to I.D. and publicize issues, the communications media determine the problems that receive attention from gov'ts and international organizations. |
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Term
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Definition
| a convergence of independent commercial enterprises or political groups that combine for collective action, such as limiting competition, setting prices, for their services, or forming a coalition to advance their groups' interests. |
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Term
| communications technology |
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Definition
| the technological means through which information and communications are transferred, such as the WWW |
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Term
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Definition
| the division between the internet technology-rich G.N. and the G.S. in the proportion of internet users and hosts. |
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Term
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Definition
| images created by computer technology and phenomena |
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Term
| Information Technology (IT) |
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Definition
| the techniques for storing, retrieving and disseminating through computerization in the internet recorded data and research knowledge |
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Term
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Definition
| inventions created by the use of human intelligence in publications art, etc. that are often illegally used for commercial purposes w/o credits or royalties to their creations in violations of GATT's Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights Agreements. |
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Term
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Definition
| future phenomenon that will occur when machine intelligence surpasses human intelligence. |
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Term
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Definition
| to Thomas Friedman "the technology that enables individuals to produce their own poetry, songs, videos, photos, and upload them onto a podcasting site, and then offer the content to anyone. |
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Term
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Definition
| online diaries, which spread information and ideas worldwide in the manner of journalists. |
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Term
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Definition
| a metaphor used to describe the global electronic web, on the internet which is unencumbered by the borders of the geopolitical world |
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Term
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Definition
| a popular cosmopolitan perspective describing the growth of awareness that all people share a common fate because the world is becoming an integrated and interdependent world. |
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Term
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Definition
| an outlook that values viewing the cosmos or the entire world as the best polity or unit for political governance and personal ID, as opposed to other polities such as one's metropolis, city, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| the pooling of sovereignty to create a common currency (such as EU's Euro) and single monetary system for members in a region, regulated by a regional center bank within the currency bloc to reduce the likelihood of large scale liquidity crises. |
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Term
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Definition
| an unmanaged process in which governments neither establish an official rate for their currencies nor intervene to affect the value of their currencies and instead allow market forces and private interests to influence the relative rate of exchange for currencies between countries. |
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Term
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Definition
the selling of one currency (or product) and purchase of another to make a profit on changing exchange rates; traders ('*ers') help to keep states currencies in balance through their speculative efforts to buy large quantities of devalued currencies and sell them in countries where they are more highly valued.
Significance to I.R. The volume of these traders exceeds $2 Trillion daily, and the level of their transactions has been been climbing. This is yet more evidence of constant globalization and trading across more open trade barriers and the global market becoming more interconnected. A real world example would be the US powerlessness to raise the price of the Chinese yuan againt the US dollar in attempts to reduce the huge US trade defecit. |
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Term
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Definition
| the view that Global South countries can best achieve sustained economic growth through democratic governance, fiscal discipline, free markets, a reliance on private enterprise, and trade liberalization. |
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Term
| Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPs) |
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Definition
| the subset of countries identified by the world Bank's debtor system whose ratios of debt to gros national product are so substantial they cannot meet their payment obligations without experiencing political instability and economic collapse. |
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Term
| Export-led industrialization |
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Definition
| a growth strategy that concentrates on developing domestic export industries capable of competing in overseas markets |
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Term
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Definition
| the coaliton of 3rd world countries that sponsored the 1963 joint declaration of developing countries calling for reform to allow greater equality in north-south trade |
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Term
| New International Economic Order (NIEO) |
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Definition
| the 1974 policy resolution in the UN that called for a North-South dialogue to open the way for the less-developed countries of the Global South to participate more fully in the making of international economic policy. |
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Term
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Definition
| economic assistance in the form of loans and grants provided by a doner country to a recipient country for a variety of purposes |
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Term
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Definition
| interactions between two transnational actors |
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Term
| Foreign Direct Investment |
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Definition
| a cross-border investments through which a person or corportation is based in one country purchases or constructs an asset such as a factory or bank in another country so that a long-term relationship and control of an enterprise by non residents results. |
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Term
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Definition
| The loss of skilled intellectual and technical labor through the movement of such labor to more favorable geographic, economic, or professional environments. |
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Term
| Official Development Assistance |
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Definition
| grants or loans to countries from donor countries, now usually channeled through multilateral aid institutions such as the World Bank for the primary purposes of promoting economic development and welfare. |
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Term
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Definition
| What Adam Smith and other commercial liberals in the 18th century used to describe the advantages of free-wheeling capitalism without government interference in economic afairs. |
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Term
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Definition
| the increasing transnationalization of national markets through the world wide integration of capital flows. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| humanitarian intervention |
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Definition
| the use of peacekeeping troops by foreign states or international organizations to protect endangered people from gross violations of their human rights and from mass murder. |
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Term
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Definition
| a propensity to see one's nationality or state as the center of the world and therefor special, with the result that the values and perspectives of other groups are misunderstood and ridiculed. An example of this would be the Darfur tribes in Sudan due to the Sudanese government seeing themselves as superior, or Israelis and Palestinis. The larger context refers to the ethnic divide that we've seen between different groups across the globe such as these. |
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Term
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Definition
| a country's psychological freedom from fears that the state will be unable to resist threats to its survival and national values emanating from abroad or at home. |
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Term
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Definition
| the position of sanctuary to safeguard refugees escaping from the threat of persecution in the country where they hold citizenship. |
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Term
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Definition
| a place of refuge and protection |
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Term
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Definition
| brutual and savage acts against targeted citizen groups or prisoners of war, defined as illegal under international law. |
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Term
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Definition
1) The relationship between geography and the economic conditions and behavior of states that define their levels of production, trade and consumption of goods and services.
2) Since it is a the geopgraphic distribution of wealth it applies to I.R. in the sense that the distribution is always changing. It often times is thought of as replacing political distribution due to the power of corporations. This distribution is also the cause of people opting to move away from their homes in search of work.
3) Wal-Mart is an example of the replacement of geopolitics because its GDP surpasses that of many countries including Turkey. Globalization of this idea key. |
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Term
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Definition
| the relationship between geopgraphy and politics and their consequences for states' national interests and relative power. |
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Term
| international political economy (IPE) |
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Definition
| the study of the intersection of poltics and economics that illuminates why changes occur in the distribution of states' wealth and power. |
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Term
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Definition
1) The integration of states through increasing contact, communication, and trade, creating a holistic, single global system in which the process of change increasingly binds people together in a common fate.
2) This applies to IR in the sense that political borders are becoming less and less aparent due to the growth of unrestricted trade throughout the world and states' economies becoming so interconnected because of this concept. A real world example would be that of China and U.S.'s interdependent economies. It creates a situation where if one falls it will create a domino affect for all involved in the global economy. |
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Term
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Definition
| the suspicious dislike, disrepsect and disregard for members of a foreign nationality, ethnic, or linguistic group. |
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Term
| international monetary system |
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Definition
| the financial procedures used to calculate the value of currencies and credits when capital is transferred across borders through trade, investment, foreign aid, and loans. |
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Term
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Definition
| the capability of actors to harness power to achieve objectives. |
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Term
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Definition
| the unintended side effects of choices that reduce the trade value of the orginal decision, such as trade protectionism against foreign imports increasing the costs of goods to consumers and stimulating inflation |
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Term
| commericial domino theory |
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Definition
| the proposition that under conditions of globalization the depletion of one country's currency reserves panics investors worldwide and spreads like a contagious disease to other countries, which witness the decline of their own currency reserves as the flight of capital also reduces the value of their curency. |
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Term
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Definition
| reserve assets used to settle international accounts in the form of dollars |
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Term
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Definition
| also known as the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBR), the world bank is the globe's major IGO for financing economic growth and reducing poverty through long-term loans. |
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Term
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Definition
Combines the efficiency of a free enterprise capitalistic market with the compassion of a governmental economic planning and regulation in an effort, through a fused administrative system, to cooperatively produce the greatest good for the greatest number.
2) This applies to IR due to its theme of fostering human development which has been a constant theme in context. People and states are constantly trying to achieve economic growth and this term applies.
3) a real world example would be that of the US's economy and seeking to provide aid for those in need to achieve economic growth to in sense, expand freedom in the state. |
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Term
| international monetary fund |
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Definition
| a financial agency now affiliated with the UN established in 1944 to promote international monetary cooperation, free trade, exchange rate stability, and democratic rule by providing financial assistance and loans to countries facing financial crisis. |
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Term
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Definition
| a system under which states establish the parity of their currencies and comit to keeping fluctuations in their exchange rates within narrow limits. |
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Term
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Definition
| the total amount of currency in circulation in a state, calculated to include demand deposits such as checking accounts in commercial banks, and time deposits, such as savings accounts and bonds, in savings banks. |
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Term
| Voluntary export restrictions |
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Definition
| a protectionistic measure popular in the 1980s and early 1990s, in which exporting countries agree to restrict shipment of a particular product to a country to deter it from imposing an even more burdensome import quota. |
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Term
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Definition
| newly established industries that are not yet strong enough to compete against mature foreign producers in the global marketplace until in time can develop and can then compete. |
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Term
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Definition
| gov't subsidies for particular domestic industries to help them gain competive advantages over foreign producers |
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Term
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Definition
| government tarrifs to ofset suspected subsidies provided by foreign governments to their procedures. |
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Term
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Definition
| taxes placed on another exporter state's alleged selling of a product at a price below the cost to produce it. |
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Term
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Definition
| a community that embraces shared norms and ethical standards to collectively manage problems without coercion and through peaceful and democratic procedures for decision making aimed at improving welfare. In a bigger picture this is the ideal society that most desire to reside in and strive to achieve. NGO's are a major factor in actually, through their leverage, performing educational service that has demonstratively contributed to the emergence of this. A real world example would be the International Criminal Court, the Kyoto Protocol on global warming, and the Landmine convention. |
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Term
| strategic corporate alliance |
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Definition
| cooperation between multinational corporations and foreign companies in the same industry; driven by the movements of MNC manufacturing overseas. |
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Term
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Definition
| higher-than-normal financial returns on investments that are realized from governmental restrictive interference, or monopolisitc markets. |
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Term
| Globally Integrated Enterprises |
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Definition
| MNCs organized horizontally with mangement and production located in plants in numerous states for the same products they market. |
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Term
| Transnation Banks or TNBs |
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Definition
| the globe's top banking firms, whose financial activities are concentrated in transactions that cross state borders |
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Term
| Multinational corporations |
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Definition
| business enterprises headquartered in one state that invest and operate extensively in many other states. This is yet another evident factor of globalization. Largely successful business are able to expand thus adding their own swagger to the global economy. The largest example of this would be Wal-Mart |
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Term
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Definition
| To Walter Laquer, the terrorism practiced by an expanding set of diverse actors with new weapons "to sow panic in a society to weaken or even overthrow the incumbents and bring about political change. |
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Term
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Definition
| the era in which the rapid creation and global transfer of info through mass communication contribute to the globalization of knowledge. |
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Term
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Definition
| PREMEDITATED violence perpetrated agaiinst noncombatant targets by sunational or transnation groups or calndestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience. In our increasingly fast-paced globalizing world, terrorism is also becoming more globalized and directed to targets that radicals seek to influence. Be it due to religious concerns or anarchist concerns. An example of this is the attacks of 9/11. |
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Term
| replacement-level fertility |
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Definition
| one couple replacing themselves on average with two children so that a country's population will remain stable if theis rate prevails. |
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Term
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Definition
| average number of children born to a woman during her life. This is relevant to this subject due to the exponentially increasing population that the world is experiencing. The real world example would be the world's population rates being higher and the population being over 5 times as high as it was 50 years ago. |
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Term
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Definition
| a severe problem stemming from the growing number of people moving from their home country to another country, straining the ability of the other host country to absorb foreign emigrants. |
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Term
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Definition
| areas dominated by a great power |
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Term
| Classical Liberal Economic Theory |
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Definition
| a body of though based on Adam Smith's ideas about the forces of supply and demand in the market place, emphasizing the benefits of minimal government regulation of the economy. |
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Term
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Definition
| a government trade strategy for accumulating state wealth and power by encouraging exports and discouraging imports. This is evident in the US because of our huge trade deficit. It is more encourage to buy from your own state when there is an economic recession so that the home economy will be boosted instead of other economies overseas being boosted. |
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Term
| Neocolonialism/Neoimperialism |
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Definition
| the economic rather than military domination of foreign countries |
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Term
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Definition
| the rapidly growing economies of EAst and South Asia that have made those countries competitors with the traditionally dominant countries of the Global North. |
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Term
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Definition
| state's granting of political power to minority ethnic groups and indigenous peple in particular natinal regions under the xpectation that grater autonomy will curtail the groups' quest for independence as a new state. |
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Term
| military-industrial complex |
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Definition
| a combination of defense establishments, contractors who supply arms for them and government agencies that benefit from high military spending, which act as a lobbying coalition to pressure governments to appropriate large expenditures for military preparedness. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| during the cold war, the gorups of countries including the Soviet Union, its (then) Eastern European allies, and china, that embraced communism and central planning to propel economic growth. |
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Term
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Definition
| the relatively wealthy and industrialized countries that share a committment to varing forms of democratic plitical institutions and developed market economics including the US, Japan, the EU, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. |
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Term
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Definition
| a term now often used instead of third world to designate less-developed countries located primarily in the southern hemisphere. This region is often thought to be exploited by the Global North due to its economic immaturity. This region is primarily located south of the equator. |
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Term
| Nongovernmental Organizations or NGOs |
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Definition
| transnational organizations of private citizens maintaining consultative status with the UN; they include professional associations, foundations, multinational corportations, or simply internationally active groups in different states joined together to work toward common interests. NGOs are often in the spotlight in humanitarian efforts such as those in Darfur. |
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Term
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Definition
| money that immigrants earned that they send back home |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition critics trace to globalization in which a large portion of the labor force only works part time at low pay in occupations below their skill level. This can be traced to another problem faced with globalization, which is outsourcing. Many United States jobs have been outsourced to other countries where it can be done for cheaper, leaving many skilled workers unemployed. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a rapid reduction of population that reverses a previous trend toward progressively larger populations. This is made possible through threats of nuclear war, disease, etc. We are in a warring age so that is always a threat. Also there is a sort of globalization of plagues. Due to migration being so easy plagues are easily globalized. |
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Term
| orderly market arrangements |
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Definition
| voluntary export restrictions through government-to-government agreements to follow specific trading rules. |
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Term
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Definition
| barries to free trade agreed to by two trading states to protect their domestic producers. |
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Term
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Definition
| tax assessed on goods as they are imported into a country. Many believe that the economy will continue to prosper will the limitation or even elimination of thesendue to the presented trade barrier. 'GATT - and later the WTO formed for the reduction of thse" |
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Term
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Definition
| barries of foreign trade, such as tarifs and quotas that protect local industries from competition |
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Term
| Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs) |
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Definition
| institutions created and joined by states' governments, which give them authority to make collective decisions to manage particular problems on the global agenda. |
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Term
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Definition
| an agreement that brings Mexico into the free-trade zone linking it to Canada and the US |
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Term
| Free Trade of the Americas |
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Definition
| set of rules to promote free trade among 34 democracies of N and S America |
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Term
| Regional trade agreements |
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Definition
| sometimes called preferential trade agreements, RTAs are treaties among members of a trade bloc that establish special advantageous reductions of trade barriers to members but permit discrimination tariffs against nonmems |
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Term
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Definition
a public good, such as as safe drinking water, from which everyone benefits.
There is a growing trend of cities becoming so large and full of cars and polution that it becomes difficult to breath. This makes clean air scarce, as well as clean water scarce. The population continually rising is a major factor in this. |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of aggregate economic indicators such as GDP, the $$ supply, and the balance of trade that gov'ts monitor to measure changes in the national and global economies such as the rates of economic growth and inflation or the level of uneployment. |
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Term
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Definition
| a contemporary version of classical mercantilism that advocates prompting domestic production and a balance of payment surplus by subsidizing exports and using tarifs and nontariff barries to reduce imports. |
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Term
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Definition
| state will benefit if it specializes |
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Term
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Definition
| a situation in which the behavior of international actors greatly affects others with whom they have contat, making all parties mutually sensitive and vulnerable to the others' actions |
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Term
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Definition
| AN ECONOMIC THEORY ADVOCATING FREE MARKETS AND THE REMOVAL OF BARRIES TO THE FLOW OF TRADE AND CAPITAL AS A LOCOMOTIVE FOR PROSPERITY. This is the side that would mostly say that the GS's underdevelopment is due to not enough globalization. |
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Term
| Liberal International Economic Order |
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Definition
| designed to promote monetary stability and reduce barries to the free flow of trade and capital |
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Term
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Definition
| agreements between competitive MNC's to, sometimes temporarily, join forces and skills to coproduce and export particular products in the borderless global market. |
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Term
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Definition
| difference between gross rates in trade and gross domestic product |
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Term
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Definition
| multilateral agency that monitors the implementation of trade agreements and settles disputes among trade partners |
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Term
| GATT - General Agreements on Tariffs and trade |
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Definition
| a UN affiliated IGO designed to promote international trade and tariff reducts replaced by the WTO |
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Term
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Definition
| the decisions made by states' central banks to change the country's money supply in an effort to manage the national economy and control inflation, using fiscal policies such as changing the money supply and interest rates |
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Term
| Import-substitution industrialization |
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Definition
| a strategy for economic development that centers on providing investors at home incentives to produce goods so that previously imported products from abroad will decline. |
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Term
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Definition
| overt or covert use of force by one or more countries that cross the borders of another country in order to afect the target country's gov't and policies |
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Term
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Definition
| a country whose gov't is so mismanaged that rebellion/revolution may take place |
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Term
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Definition
| countries that DO NOT form alliances with opposed great-powers and practice neutrality on issues that divide great powers. |
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Term
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Definition
the 4 Asian NICs that experienced far greater rates of economic growth during the 1980s than the more advanced industrail societies of the North
Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan |
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Term
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Definition
| to the world-system theorists, countries midway between the rich 'core' or center and the poor 'periphery' in the global heirarchy, at which foreign investments are targeted when labor wages and production costs become too high in the prosperous core regions. |
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Term
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Definition
| the industrialization of peripheral areas within the confines of the dominance-dependence relationship between the GN and the GS, which enables the poor to become wealthier w/o ever catching up to the core of GN countries <- Third Way |
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Term
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Definition
| seperation of a state into the prospering region and the poorer region. (slums and high rises) |
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Term
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Definition
| a theory that less-developed countries are exploited because global capitalism makes them dependent on the rich countries that crate exploitative rules for trade production. This has been a topic for debates on globalization. This has happened since African colonialism. Africa had resources that the thriving European economy needed therefor exploitation was implemented. |
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Term
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Definition
| a theory that less-developed countries are exploited because global capitalism makes them dependent on the rich countries that crate exploitative rules for trade production. This has been a topic for debates on globalization. This has happened since African colonialism. Africa had resources that the thriving European economy needed therefor exploitation was implemented. |
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Term
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Definition
| a view of a development popular in the GN's liberal democracies that wealth is created through efficient production, free enterprise, and free trade, and that countries' relative wealth depends on technological innovation and education more than on natural endowments such as climate and resources |
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Term
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Definition
| the processes, economic and political, through which a country develops to increase its capacity to meet its citizens' basic human needs and raise their standard of living. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the migration of religious or ethnic groups to foreign lands despite their continuation of affliliation with the land and customs of their origin. |
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Term
| Transnational religious movements |
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Definition
| a set of beliefs, practices, and ideas administered politically by religious organizations to promote the worship of their conception of a transcendent deity and its principles for conduct. |
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Term
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Definition
| Political Scientist Samuel Huntington's controversial thesis that in the 21st century the globe's major civilizations will conflict with one another, leading to anarcy and warefare similar to that resulting from conflicts between the states over the past 500 years. |
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Term
| Gross National Income - GNI |
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Definition
| a measure of the production of the goods/services within a iven time period, which is used to delimit the geographic scope of production. GNI measures production by a state's citizens or companies, REGARDLESS OF WHERE THE PRODUCTION OCCURS. |
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Term
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Definition
| the attempt to eliminate in whole or in part, an ethnic, racial, religious, or natinoal minority group |
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Term
| capital mobility hypothesis |
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Definition
| the proposition that the massive movement of investment capital across state borders has led to the globalization of finance |
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Term
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Definition
| the processes for determing the rate at which each state;s currency is valued against the currency of every other state,so that purchasers and sellers can caluculate the costs of financial transactions across borders such as foreign investments, trade, and cross border travel. |
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