Term
| What is the largest cultural group of Hispanic South America? |
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Definition
| Inca Indians of the Andes Mountains |
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Term
| How did the Incas suffer huge hardships? |
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Definition
| When white people moved in and brought small pox and other diseases |
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Term
| Who moved into the Incan culture? |
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Definition
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Term
| Argentina is different from Hispanic S. American in the fact that.... |
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Definition
| 50% of Argentinian influence is Italian, not Spanish |
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Term
| Which two Hispanic South American countries recieved the largest amount of African slaves? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| In the late 70's, he led independence movements for many countries |
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Term
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Definition
Medical doctor who, after traveling overland on the “Pan American
Highway”, he formulated opinions that led him to join Cuban revolutionary
Fidel Castro, whom he met in Mexico.
Guevara led important battles in the Revolution and later served Castro.
He left Cuba to incite revolutions in a number of places including areas
in Africa and finally in Bolivia, where he was killed. |
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Term
| What are typical instruments of the Andes mountains? |
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Definition
panpipes
charango (armadillo shell)
guitar
tambores (drums)
Quenas (notched ended flutes)
Andean harp |
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Term
| Where did the tango come from? |
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Definition
| Buenos Aires, Argentina in brothels |
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Term
| Tell me something interesting about the tango! |
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Definition
There was a disproportionalte number of males to females in Argentina at
the time and men needed to wait in line for “services”.
The men began to dance together, but all the time trying to show their
masculine strength. |
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Term
| Tell me about the STEPS in the Tango! |
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Definition
The steps of the Tango reflect male domination, and the quick cutting
movements are a reflection of knife blades! |
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Term
| What are musical tendencies of the tango? |
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Definition
Some influence from the Milonga from Uruguay which has African American
roots.
Very strict, and march like in it’s compas in 4/4 time.
Heavy accent on beat 1
European harmonies
Both sung and danced, it is also instrumental music.
Became a sensation in the 1920’s w/ the star Carlos Gardel. (pic here)
Gardel’s style became the norm: strong, masculine, emotional voice. |
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Term
| What are instruments of the tango? |
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Definition
Bandoneon (squeeze box accordian)
Double bass
Violin
Piano
Cello
Guitar
More frequently a male baritone voice |
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Term
| Who was a very important tango composer? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who caused the end of exile for many people in Argentina? |
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Definition
The women began a peaceful demonstration which in time became a huge
movement that obtained international attention and ultimately caused the
downfall of the dictator! |
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Term
| Who was Salvador Allende? |
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Definition
President Salvador Allende was elected and championed nationalizing many
industries, and also a plan for land redistribution. This seemed like
socialism/communism to the military. |
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Term
| Who was General Pinochetti? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who were Victor Jara and Violetta Parra? |
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Definition
SEVERAL VIP SINGERS HAD CAMPAINED FOR ALLENDE.
Victor Jara get pics of both
Violeta Parra
Victor Jara was arrested, brought to the soccer stadium in Santiago,
tortured in front of thousands of other prisoners, and finally killed.
They dumped his body in the streets where someone recognized his famous
face and he was given a proper burial.
Violeta killed herself after writing the beautiful song “Graçias a la
Vida” (Thanks for life) |
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Term
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Definition
| 1898: The Spanish American War, Spain ceded Puerto Rico to the USA. |
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Term
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Definition
Puerto Ricans begin to move to NYC ultimately creating “Spanish Harlem” in
Upper Manhattan’s east side. |
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Term
| What were the 3 stages of Latin Music in the USA? |
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Definition
Exotic stage (1920’s-1940’s)
Hybrid stage (1940’s and early 50’s)
Mainstream (since the 1950’s and growing all the time) |
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Term
| Where are Latinos in the USA? |
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Definition
As of the 2000 census, Hispanics are now our #1 minority.
Miami has 900,000 Cubans, more than in any other city accept Havana.
NYC has 2 times as many Puerto Ricans as San Juan.
San Antonio Texas is 55% Hispanic
New Mexico is 42% Hispanic
East L.A. is 97% Hispanic |
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Term
| What is the Exotic Stage? |
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Definition
Latin Music seen as exotic, and a novelty. (samba w. Carmen Miranda and
Tango w/ Carlos Gardel were both internationally popular in the 1920’s and
30’s.) |
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Term
| Who was popular in Latin music? |
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Definition
Carmen Miranda (Brazil) arrives on Broadway and is a sensation!
Xavier Cugat, Cuban violinist and Mambo band leader moved to NYC.
Cugat got a house gig at the famous Waldorf Astoria Hotel.
Cole Porter, great American songwriter, lived at the hotel and became
friends w/ Cugat.
Porter wrote “Begin the Beguine” and Cugat recorded it.
Benny Goodman recorded “El Manisero” in 1930.
Tony Bennet, and many others add some Latin songs to their repertoires.
Broadway shows begin to add Latin flavored numbers as a novelty. |
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Term
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Definition
riff driven
claves
reverse clave rhythm
repeated riffs conform to clave
maracas
timbales
conga drums |
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Term
| What are musical tendencies of the mambo? |
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Definition
full Cuban rhythm section (several layers at least)
percussion solos
very repetitive lyrics
Call and response between back up singers and lead
bass plays off beat in the “tumbao” rhythm
piano plays active pattern called “montuno”
they both play against time (off beat, clave is on the beat) |
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Term
| What is the hybrid stage? |
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Definition
different instrumentation and rhythms make Latin music distinct
Cuba is still a favorite destination for Americans who gamble. All that
ended in 1959 when Fidel Castro became the Communist leader of Cuba. Many
musicians left Cuba for the USA and Spain and spread the genres and styles
around.
1950’s: Dizzy Gillespie hired Latin percussionists and “experiments” w/
Charlie Parker
George Shearing (Brit jazz piano) hired Mongo Santamaria (conga)
Other jazz musicians who included Latin elements/instrumentation were
Sonny Rollins and Horace Silver.
“The I Love Lucy Show” on TV is a hit and features what some thought of as
a “mixed race” couple. Desi Arnez is a musician who leads a band and the
music is frequently heard. |
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Term
| How is afro-cuban related to mambo? |
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Definition
AFRO CUBAN style emerges as a distinct Latin flavor and genre w/
Machito and the Mambo Kings.
Celia Cruz is a beloved singer and the Queen of Cuban popular music. She
went into exile after the revolution. “Caramelo” was a hit song for her. |
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Term
| Who was popular in Hybrid stage? |
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Definition
Perez Prado: more appealing to white people (smoothed out the rhythms,
slower tempo)
Tito Puente: Appealing to Hispanics as more “roots” more authentic.
1956: Harry Belafonte (Trinidad) calypso “day-o, me say day-o...” |
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Term
| Hybrid Latin dance styles? |
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Definition
tango, Argentina
samba, Brazil
mambo, NYC plus Cuba plus Puerto Rico
rhumba, a common rhythm: 1 234 5678 ( divides into 2)
salsa, modern mambo bands which combine many styles such as these in
their repertoire
cha cha, Mexican
merengue, Dominican Republic
calypso, Trinidad
soca, Trinidad
cumbia, Colombia |
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Term
| What is the Mainstream Stage? |
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Definition
(1960 forward)
INTERESTING BACKGROUND INFO: Jamaica, Trinidad and Jamaica achieved
independence from Britain in the early 1960’s. These “colonies” had a
large percentage of poverty and so many more immigrants from the Caribbean
area began to arrive.
Also, the technology of using tapes made music more portable.
Latin stylistic elements and genres become part of the dominant culture. |
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Term
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Definition
A.C. Jobim, Sergio Mendes, Stan Getz et al.
Heard frequently on the radio, several big hits including the famous Girl
From Ipanema, Corcovado and Black Orpheus.
1st embraced by “beatniks” and jazz musicians and then it spread to the
mainstream |
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Term
| Who was popular in the mainstream stage? |
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Definition
Dizzy Gillespie hired Latin percussion and experiments w/ Charlie Parker
George Shearing (Brit jazz piano) hired Mongo Santamaria (conga)
Other jazz musicians who included Latin elements/instrumentation were
Sonny Rollins and Horace Silver.
Herb Alpert and the Tiajuanna Brass (hip Mariachi) |
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Term
| What are musical tendencies of the merengue of Domincan Republic? |
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Definition
faster beat
souped up military rat-a tat
strong beats on 1 and 3
several interlocking patterns
can have a call and response style |
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Term
| Who were merengue singers? |
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Definition
Johnny Ventura (1970’s): traditional
Juan Luis Guerra who had studied at Berkely, so he added more North
American influences |
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Term
| Tell me about the Soca of Haiti! |
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Definition
Haitians went to work in Central Africa and Zaire and picked up the local
intricate guitar patterns called “soukous” |
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