Term
|
Definition
Believed that Muhammed died with no intention of appointing a successor.
Make up approximately 85% of the worlds Islamic population.
Minority was under the rule of Saddam Hussein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Make up 15% of the worlds Islamic population.
concentrated mainly in Iran. |
|
|
Term
|
Where does the term Middle East come from and what does it refer to?
ch18
|
|
Definition
| Refers to being in between Europe and the “Far East” |
|
|
Term
|
What four factors does the author suggest generally define the region?
ch18
|
|
Definition
| It’s dry, they have oil, they follow muslim religious beliefs, and they have much conflict |
|
|
Term
|
What happened in 1973 that greatly changed the face of the petroleum industry?
ch18
|
|
Definition
Oil Embargo against the United States occurred. This occurred mainly because the US aided Israel in a war. The Arab states did not like this, they decided not to sell oil to the states based on these reasons.
Resulted in oil going from $3 to $12 a barrel |
|
|
Term
What is OPEC and what does it strive for in terms of oil prices and availability?
ch18
|
|
Definition
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
- Saudi Arabia has a large say in the organization, such as pricing and who they are selling to.
- Founded in 1960
- Oil cartel designed to regulate the supply and price of crude oil in the global market
- Strives For: keeping oil prices stable |
|
|
Term
What is the difference between Sunni & Shia sects of Islam, which is the majority and where is the Minority concentrated?
ch18
|
|
Definition
Sunni is the majority, 85%
Shia is the minority, 15% mainly in Iran, Iraq and Azerbaijan |
|
|
Term
How do religious and ethnic differences play out geographically in Iraq, where are the oil fields and which religious/ethnic group doesn’t have access to oil?
ch18
|
|
Definition
- The oil fields are located by the Persian Gulf Basin
- Oil fields are also in the North, by Turkey
- Kurds in the north of Iraq want to be their own country
- Shia is the majority of Iraq
- Sunni-Saddam Hussain was in power of Iraq
- The Sunni are making the acts in terrorism based on the ideas that they do not want democratic elections amongst Iraq because they know they will loose
- Sunnis do not have access to oil |
|
|
Term
Where are the more conservative Islamic practices in the Middle East located?
ch18
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What does the author trace the problem of conflict in the Middle East back to?
ch18
|
|
Definition
| Subdivisions of ottoman empire are nor based on natural or ethnic division – therefore causing conflicts |
|
|
Term
How did the Cold War shape conflict in the Middle East?
ch18
|
|
Definition
| The US and USSR exerting influence in the Middle East |
|
|
Term
What are the reasons the author gives for the Middle East falling behind in development?
ch18 |
|
Definition
1. Physical overload- related to how people have been using things on the land for a long period of time, since around 6000 or 5000 BCE very dry and overfarmed, overgrazed. Too much water consumption without replenishing.
2. The Golden Age of Islam come to an end- When the Mongols attacked the Middle East which primarily ended the golden age
3. Bypass in industrialization dry. Depleted resoursces no motivation to industrialize.
4. Ottoman Stagnation bankrupt infrastructure.
- no access to coal and steel and water which are all necessary resources for an industrial revolution.
- Isolated themselves didn’t care about Europeans didn’t realize Europeans technology had surpassed theirs so they never upgraded. |
|
|
Term
How can some countries in the Middle East be so rich and yet so far behind the times?
ch18
|
|
Definition
This is primarily because of Oil. Some countries in the Middle East have much oil which gives them much money, while others do not have oil keeping them from gaining any profit making behind the times in growth.
- not enough jobs because only one product being produced.
- No diversity in industry and economy relying on one product. |
|
|
Term
Why did the United States become popular in the Middle East for its position vis-a-vis the Suez Crisis?
ch18
|
|
Definition
- In the 50s, in the Suez Canal = British controlled it
- Then Egypt took the Suez Canal from the Brits
- The US was getting mad because they believed that the French and British would influence the soviet union too attack
- The US publicly criticized Israel and convinced the British and French to withdraw from the Suez Canal |
|
|
Term
Is the Middle East’s population growing too slow or too fast and what problems does this present?
ch18
|
|
Definition
| The middle east population is growing to fast, as a result there is not enough resources like water and not enough jobs |
|
|
Term
Why do places like Saudi Arabia produce so many domestic terrorist groups and where do these groups direct most of their anger?
ch18 |
|
Definition
- Saudi Arabia is a monarchy, they have a king
- Terrorist groups believe that the king of Saudi Arabia is corrupting, terrorist groups rather have a religious government
- They direct most of their anger about this towards the US because we give the Saudis Military Equipment and money |
|
|
Term
Arab League (see Chapter 6)
ch18 |
|
Definition
- Was informed in Cairo, Egypt. In 1945
- Was created to draw closer relations between member states and co-ordinate collaboration between them, to safeguard their independence and sovereignty, and to consider in a general way the affairs and interest of the Arab countries.
- “Arab countries want to work together to achieve common Arab goals” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Jewish political movement that has supported the self-determination of the Jewish people in a sovereign Jewish national homeland. (Supporting Jewish homeland aka Israel) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| still disputed areas today between Jordan (westbank) and Egypt (gaza strip). Ceasefire was finally made in 1949 creating a new set of de-facto borders now known as the green line |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prime Minister of Iran overthrown by US. No foreign interaction by US. Nationalized Iran’s oil |
|
|
Term
Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi
ch18 |
|
Definition
| Shah of Iran. Overthrown. Industrialized and modernized Iran. Corrupt monarchy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| led Iranian revolution of 79. Got rid of shah and created first Islamic republic of iran. Hated by westerners |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| religious leader of political power in iran. Persian – ultra right conservative and totally hates US. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| president of Iran. Many hate iran b/c of uranium enhancement. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| president of Egypt. 30 years in power. Center-right conservative. US ally. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| monarch/leader of Saudi Arabia. Birthplace and holy center of islam. Centerright, convervative, US Ally. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prime minister of Israel. US ally. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prime minister of Turkey and chairman of justice and development party. Economic properity and democratization. Mediator of middle east conflict. |
|
|
Term
What distinguishes ‘Team Turk’ from its Middle Eastern neighbors?
ch18 |
|
Definition
- Its secular society-separation of church and state
- Have a democracy
- Founding member of the UN
- Possibly a later on member of the EU
- They have a modern military
- *They look like a western country |
|
|
Term
What are the strengths of ‘Team Hebrew’ and what are their primary objectives?
ch18 |
|
Definition
- High levels of technology (preferably military)
- They have Nukes
- Ally of the US and EU
Objectives
- They want to keep their territory
- Want to get national security
- They want there neighboring countries to acknowledge there right to exist |
|
|
Term
What are the ‘occupied territories’ and what countries have controlled these areas since the British withdrew in 1948?
ch18
|
|
Definition
- The occupied territories (the west bank, gaza strip and the Golen Heights)
- Israel and Cyria control these territories |
|
|
Term
Where does ‘Team Arab’ derive its power from and what obstacles does it face?
ch18
|
|
Definition
- Team Arab have not truly been united
- They are not really cohesive, culturally different
- They potent force because they are really rich due to oil production
- Muslim culture is tied back to the Middle East because that’s where it started |
|
|
Term
What makes ‘Team Persia’ different from the other players in the regions?
ch18
|
|
Definition
- Long ancient history
- They are mostly Shia
- They are Persian, not Arab
- They are developing a nuclear industry |
|
|
Term
Why are the dates 1953 and 1979 so important in Iranian American relations?
|
|
Definition
- 1953- US led coup (over throw gov.) in Iran
- 1979- US embassy was help hostage over a year by radical muslim iranian
- US has nothing to do with them now |
|
|
Term
Why does Team Arab hate Team Persia?
ch18 |
|
Definition
- b/c they are asserting its influence across the middle east.
- Nuclear weapons threat. |
|
|
Term
Who are the some of the unsavory leaders in the Middle East that the United States has supported since World War Two?
ch18 |
|
Definition
- Team Persia wants to export revolution to other countries
- Iran makes other Islamic countries look bad because of its strong support for Palestine
- Iran is developing nuclear weapons (other Arab countries don’t agree with that) |
|
|
Term
Who are the Kurds and what team are they on?
ch18
|
|
Definition
- The Kurds are ethnic group in northern Iraq, southern Turkey
- They are on no side of anyone, no one truly likes them. |
|
|
Term
Why do Arabs generally support groups like Hezbollah and Hamas and how do these groups differ from, say, al Qaeda?
ch18 |
|
Definition
- Hezbollah and Hamas are anti Israel groups
- Al Qaeda is a terrorist group that want to export sharia law, holy war
- Hezbollah and Hamas just want Israel out of the middle east
- Hezbollah and Hamas are more political organizations
- * The main point to know is that the Hezbollah and Hamas are “fight for the people” they build schools, run hospitals and soup kitchens, and are seen as protectors of the people of Palestine
- Al Qaeda is not much “for the people” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Is the movement or migration of a group of people, such as those sharing a national and/or ethnic identity |
|
|
Term
Why is there still a refugee problem from the Israel/Palestine conflict in 1948?
ch25 |
|
Definition
| arab countries demanded that Israel take refugees back. Israel says no and these refugees had no place to go because Israel would not let them come back and Arab countires would find them places to live. Israel doesn’t want them back in their country. Arabs don’t want them. 1967 israel gains control of gaza strip. |
|
|
Term
Who represents the Palestinians and why is this a problem?
ch25 |
|
Definition
| The fatah dominates PA controls only in west bank and hamas controls gaza strip. Fatah has lost popularity because of corruption and inability to make real progress on big issues. |
|
|
Term
Why was there so little Iraqi opposition to the American led invasion?
ch25 |
|
Definition
| they knew they couldn’t win so saddam told army to stand down and instead performed a gurilla warfare tacktic, bombings, and sneak attacks. |
|
|
Term
Why will governance of Iraq prove difficult, even under the best of circumstances?
ch25 |
|
Definition
| Iraq consists of three rival groups that do not get along. Kurds – north. Sunnis – middle. And Shiites – south. |
|
|
Term
Why does the United States have reason to dislike Iran?
ch25 |
|
Definition
| 1979 american hostage in US embassy. Showed hostages on TV. Are top state sponsor or terrorism worldwide enriching eranium to build nuclear power but it’s a threat to other countries because they could build nuclear weapons. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When European countries met up to divide Africa civilly among themselves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Form of government where the government takes resources from its own people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Formation of deserts from over grazing, and climate changes. The main cause of desertification is from drought |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Are diamonds that are produced to create more conflict amongst active war zones.
Kinds of mining that go along with this
- Open Pit- Hard Rock- needs use of machinery which costs $
- Placer- No Machinery- people sift through stream deposits. Rebel groups would kidnap people from Africa and have them work for them. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Seized power in Uganda in a 1970 coup
- Was a very violent leader
- Targeted people from def. religions and tribes
- Dictator for 9 years
- Killed over 300,000 Ugandans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
President of Zaire from 1965 to 1997
- Stole a lot of money from economy (Kleptocracy)
- Supporter of the Tutsi
- Was responsible for the Rwanda genocide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
In charge of Zimbabwe since 1980
- Violated human rights
- HATED WHITE PEOPLE
- Left many people homeless because of leaded destruction of towns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Independence movement leader
- First elected prime minister of the Rep. of Congo
- Assassinated in 1960
- Fought hard to eject the Belgians |
|
|
Term
How does climate change as you move poleward from the equator?
ch20 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Why does Africa not have any major mountain chains?
|
|
Definition
| Because there is a lack of tectonic plate activity |
|
|
Term
How has Africa been marginalized?
ch20 |
|
Definition
| Africa was marginalized based on the slave trade |
|
|
Term
Why was Africa considered to be the dark continent?
ch20 |
|
Definition
| It was considered the dark continent because no one knew anything about the country of Africa, hence they were “in the dark” about the country |
|
|
Term
Why do many countries in Africa that appear to be democratic fall short of being true multi- party democracies?
ch20 |
|
Definition
African countries lead in democratic ways, but when it comes to election time they only have one party to vote for.
-kelptocracy – no real democracy and the rulers change the constitution so they can rule indefinitely. |
|
|
Term
How does religious affiliation play out geographically in Sudan & Nigeria and how has this created tension?
ch20 |
|
Definition
- Sudan- Islamic- in North= Islamic/Arabs, In South= Islamic/Blacks
- Country is ruled primarily by Islamic/Arabs
- CONFLICT: the south doesn’t have much of a say since the North primarily rules it.
- Sharia Law- extreme Islam belief portrayed
- *the south does not want Sharia Law |
|
|
Term
In what ways does Africa’s climate present challenges?
ch20 |
|
Definition
- Desertification- Effects the Agriculture
- Drought or back-to-back drought = very poor agriculture/starvation
- Warm Tropical Climate = more open to disease |
|
|
Term
How does Africa’s infrastructure work against development and how does its size and physical geography exacerbate the problem?
ch20 |
|
Definition
| Infrastructure- railroads promotes the SENDING of resources OUT and not developing anything. Only supports a single commodity economy, of which they only sell what they are shipping out |
|
|
Term
How have corrupt governments and the end of the Cold War impacted aid to Africa?
ch20 |
|
Definition
During the Cold War, Russian and US gave support to anyone who would take their side. (Corrupt leaders in Africa). US did not want to see African nations become communist, hence sending support.
After Cold War Effect
- US and Russia = no more support Africa
- African leaders take the stuff that they were given by Russia and US from the actual country of Africa for their own |
|
|
Term
Why does the author mean when he suggests AIDS is an economic time bomb in Africa?
ch20 |
|
Definition
| People who are in the work force in Africa and supply money to there economy, are more frequently being pulled out of work because AIDS illness from this , they need to be taken care of instead of working up the economy in Africa. |
|
|
Term
What are the strengths and weaknesses of the AU (OAS) in Africa?
ch20 |
|
Definition
AU (African Union)
Strengths
Military power- understands the African culture. Is getting a lot of $ from outside countries to help advance their military so that the other countries do not have to deal with Africa in case they have any world problems.
Weaknesses
Trade and Economic advancement |
|
|
