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| "In order to be commanded, Nature must be obeyed" |
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| Francis Bacon -- Scientific Revolution |
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| Wrote "The Great Instauration" in 1620 -- believed you must apply knowledge to apply life here on earth -- |
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| Studiers of nature -- the three shifts of the scientific revolution |
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| Book learning to physical observation -- supernaturalism to natural laws -- knowledge for practical purposes |
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| replaces tradition -- mechanical metaphor, the galaxy is a big machine -- all about the state of nature -- they asked the question: "is there a natural law for society?" Thomas Hobbes and John Locke |
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| Thomas Hobbes -- John Locke |
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| Nasty, brutish, short life -- war of all against all -- need strong government to protect |
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| Perfected liberty & equality -- present political systems are corrupt and unnatural -- Liberalism |
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| Liberty in the state of nature is equality under the law -- Implications for the present age -- Political and legal equality against inherited authority -- non-intrusive gov't that protects liberty -- consent of the governed (Rousseau social contract)-- supported by Locke and Hobbes (perhaps) |
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| 1700-1780 -- translated texts into vernacular (previously Latin) -- increased confidence in human reason -- breaks with tradition and authority -- start thinking for one's self: rationalism -- increasingly secular -- deism -- Anti-clerical and anti-religious -- reforming- happiness is a new idea |
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| 1776-1783 -- American revolts against Britain -- traditional rights of Englishmen (Bill of Rights) -- Homogenous society -- separation of church and state |
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| Louis XVI -- Declaration of rights -- Context of monarchy and feudalism -- Three estates in France: nobility, clergy, third estate (commoners, become the Bourgeoisie) |
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| May 1789 -- Rights to participate in decision making, enlightened -- clergy and nobility met with king to make decisions but then the third estate said they were enlightened and wanted to be part of the decision making. The estates general refused so they met on their own. When they met it was as the National Assembly |
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| Met on June 20th -- 'Nation' and 'citizen' become part of the new vocabulary -- king secretly brings in the army -- July 14, 1789: storming of the Bastille (it was the symbol of the kings absolute imprisoning power) -- Aug 6, 1789: abolition of feudalism -- Oct 6, 1789: March on Versailles -- Nov 1789: Confiscation of church lands |
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| Declaration of rights of man and citizen |
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| equality under the law -- liberalism -- representational institutes |
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| Commoners -- part of the three estates |
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| universal conscription, mass levy -- citizen army and "patriotism" -- drafted resources for use in war against invading forces |
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| Abolition of the HRE -- Civil code, helped stabilize French society -- Talent rather than birth or social standing -- confirmed moderate revolutionary policies of National Assembly -- Restored patriarchal authority in the family |
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| Disposition to preserve or restore what is established and traditional and to limit change |
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| (England) Wrote "Reflections on the Revolution in France" in 1790 -- uses of chivalry, aristocracy -- conservative political theory -- slow change, people need traditions |
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| Factories could run all night with light now because factories got chemical energy -- |
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| Consent of the governed -- people who speak the same language -- territorial definition: political boundaries should conform to linguistic spaces -- German territories: end HRE, paradox of Napoleonic rule |
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| (French Rev) Women want the same rights as men -- universal rights equality -- lead to the abolishment of slavery |
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| (Industrial Revolution) Factories can run all night with light -- factory act: children under five cannot work |
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| European military & econ expansion -- British Empire: 1/4 globe in 1900's -- Expansion of markets for industrial products |
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| Christianity, commerce, civilization -- anti-slavery -- search for the source of the Nile -- Henry Morton Stanley "Out of Darkest Africa" |
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| (Idustrial Rev) "Communist Manifesto" 1848 -- Class struggle -- dialectical process (proletariet) triumph over bourgeoise -- alienation, lost organic connection to things -- revolution inevitable -- socialism & communism & social democracy |
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| (Industrial Revolution) Rise in socialism -- gov't intervention to protect excess -- protection of poor & weak -- trades union/ "friendly societies" -- Socialism vs. liberalism -> Factory Act |
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| (Industrial Revolution) invisible hand; done naturally -- Manchester school of Economics -- Laissez Faire -- de-regulation of guilds -- Free trade (no restrictions & tarriffs) -- applies to business classes and factory owners |
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| (Industrial Revolution) Industrial Capitalism; investment and shareholders -- new "working class" -> proletariat -- class conflict during Industrial Revolution |
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| "Wealth of Nations" -- economic liberalism done naturally "invisible hand" |
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| From Belgium -- Congress of Brussels (European agreement to enter Congo - Free trade in area) -- "Association of the Congo" run by Leopold to be a free trade area in Africa |
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| Plantation Economy (Core and Periphery) |
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| New markets, new raw materials -- based on the white mans burden to make everyone else civilized -- diamonds, rubber and gold from Africa -- plantation economies focused on rubber and coffee -- VOC traded -- boers were the white settlers to run the plantation |
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| Belief that fighting wasn't ideal but they would fight if they had to (French?) |
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| Took place at the West Africa Conference (Berlin 1884) -- divided Africa up for free trade -- Went on mission to civilize the Africans (White mans burden) -- Important because Europeans came in with utter disregard to the Africans and their land, determined to make the Africans like them |
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| Goal: End Restriction on Commerce and Establish Permanent Embassy in Asia -- Lead by George Macartney -- the British were unsuccessful in opening more ports because China already had everything they needed |
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| Plantation Economies and Triangular Trade in Asia |
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| 1600-1800 India wanted cotton, China wanted opium, and England wanted tea. Cotton was outlawed in India, so they replaced their cotton fields with poppies and the EIC took the opium to China, where the traded for tea and brought the tea back to England. England manufactured cotton to take to India |
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| Chinese were defeated by the British Navy because of the Chinese gov't interevention in opium trade -- Treaty of Nanking takes place (humiliation of the Chinese by the British), unrestricted opium trade, no Chinese tariffs, by 1900 there were 90 ports for trade in China -- unequal treaties, favorable to Europeans -- France, Ger. all wanted trading rights |
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| Self Strengthening Movement |
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| (1860-1895) China took advantage of Western infiltration -- Western learning for use -- attempted to modernize |
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| (1850-1864) Hong Xiquan (had come in contact with Christian Missionary band followers) -- anti-manchu -- social reforms: anti footbinding, gender equality, literacy and public education, industrialization -- Britain interevention -- plunder of Imperial summer palace |
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| Anti-foreign -- 1st, 2nd, 3rd class devils -- seige of Peking -- Germany moves in (International Relief Force) |
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| International Relief Force |
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| 1901 -- Germany's Emperor Wilhelm II -- "Make the name Germany remembered in China for 1000 years so that no Chinaman will ever again dare squint at a German" |
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| September 1901 -- Defeat of Boxer, Humiliation of empress Cixi, reparations $333 million, increased foreign domination |
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| War strategy -- ex. Austria declared war againsnt Serbia, Germany backed up Austria, Russia backed up Serbia worrying the Allies -- encirclement plan, don't let other powers gang up, avoid two front war |
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| Triple Alliance/ Entente Cordiale |
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| Germany, Austria-Hungry, and Italy -- they were defensive only -- Entente Cordiale: Russia France and England |
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| One of the reasons for the collapse of the Ottoman empire -- where the kingdom of Serbia wants to expand to include other serbian and croacian speakers |
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| Where the Archduke Ferdinand (Austro-Hungarian monarchy) was assassinated -- June 28 1914 -- by Gavrilo Princip (Serbian Nationalist) |
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| Austrian Aims in Serbia, want to remove black hand from Serbia -- Serbian resistance, backed by Russia -- "Blank check" issued by German -- (after ArchDuke assassinated) |
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| Germany strategy to avoid a two front war -- Take out France First and then go through Belgium -- Schlieffen plan is dependent on going through Belgium -- They resist and Germany invades (Rape of Belgium) -- Schlieffen Plan in reaction to Austrian war declaration against Serbia on July 28 1914 |
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| Part of the Western Front -- made a stalemate -- would bomb over the top -- known as 'no mans land' in between -- few advances were made on either side |
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| Treaty of Brest Litovsk -- March 1918 -- territorial settlement with Germany -- Angers former allies -- keeps Russia out of later negotiations -- 1st Revolution: march 1917, abdication of czar nicholas, Dumas (parliament) and democracy, factions in Russia -- 2nd Revolution: Nov 1917 V.I. Lenin (1870-1924) "Peace, Land, Bread" -- Lenin's revision of Marx, Dictatorship of proletariat, revolution guided by intellectual elite, violent revolution neccessary |
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| Nov 6 1918 - Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicates the throne -- armistice, Nov 11 1918 -- army feels stabbed in the back because the people go on strike on the home front, widespread desertion |
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| Nov 6 1918 - Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicates the throne -- armistice, Nov 11 1918 -- army feels stabbed in the back because the people go on strike on the home front, widespread desertion |
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| New idea: war effects everyone, even the women at home. Women in the work place -- blockades / food shortages -- Propoganda / public support |
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| T. E. Lawrence (Mandate system and Zionism) |
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| Promised Arabs that they could have their nation state but then Britain decided they wanted the land -- mandate system: Britain in control of Iraq and Palestine and France in control of Lebanon and Syria -- conflicting promises were made during war and then were broken -- Zionism: Jewish homeland, Britain promises to help get it back -- Important because they are trying to support everyones nationalism |
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| Modernizer -- under European influence during the war -- Boxer |
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| "Modernize or become like China" -- 4 decade transition to industrial society -- industrialization and education -- adopted best things from each country |
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| Russia defeated - 1st European defeat from an "Asian" power -- Asia seen as industrial giant (The "Yellow Peril") -- Revolution in Russia (Parliament) -- importance: rise of Asia |
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| Blamed Germany for war and made them pay reparations -- huge debt -- unresolved nationalism is irredentism |
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| War guilt takes place -- restructuring of Eastern Europe -- dismemberment of Austsrian-Hungarian Empire -- new nations emerge |
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| Scietific Revolution Essay Question |
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| Natural law -- Deism -- Laws of nature, sciences abounded -- Enlightenment -- Scientific Rev emphasized confidence in human reason and that change is possible -- separation of church and state |
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| French Revolution Essay Question |
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| Changed class order -- emergence of the bourgeoise -- rise of liberalism, nationalism, rights of man, feminism -- Code Napoleon -- abolish feudalism |
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| Liberalism: business class and factory owners -- laissez faire, invisible hand, manchester school of economics ----- Socialism: working class, gov't intervention to protect, make trade unions, -------- conflict, should the gov't intervene or not |
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| 1793: China was strong and independent -- 1900:90 ports -- 1850 Teiping rebellion -- 1900: Opium War and treaty of Nanking |
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