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| The modification of the natural landscape by the humn activities |
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| An important component of the human geography course |
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| The field of studies the relation the relations between the natural enviroment and culture |
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| Environmental determinism |
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| believe that the physical environment, especially the climate and the terrain, actively shapes cultures,so that human responses are almost completely molded by the enviroment. |
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| Recognizes the importance of the physical environment, but they believe that cultural heritage is a least as important as the physical enviroment in shaping human behavior. |
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| Emphasizes the importance of human perception of the environment, rather than the actual character of the land |
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| Emphasizes human culture as ultimately more important than physical environment in shaping human actions. |
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| The complex mix of values, beliefs, behaviors, and material objects that together from a people's way of life |
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| Consists of abstract concepts of values, beliefs, and behaviors. |
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| are the cultural-defined standards that guide the way people assess desirability, goodness, and beauty,and that serve as guidlines for moral living |
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| Specific statements that people hold to be true, and they are almost always based on values |
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| Actions that people take, are generally based on values and beliefs as reflected in norms |
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| The rules and the expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members. |
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| Includes a wide range of concrete human creations called artifacts |
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| Reflect values, beliefs, and behaviors |
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| An area marked by cuture that distinguishes it from other regions |
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| A single attribute of a culture |
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| Consists of common values, beliefs, behaviors, and artifacts that make a group in an area distinct from others |
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| A group of interconnected culture complexes |
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| An entire culture system that intertwines with its locational and enviromental cricumstances |
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| Areas where civilizations first began that radiated customs, innovations,and ideologies that culturally transformed world |
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| When the non-material and material culture spread to area around cultural hearths |
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| Developments that can be traced to a specific civilization |
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| Focused on the process in Agricultural Origins and Dispersals, written in 1952 |
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| Wrote about cultural diffusion |
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| Idea that an inovation or idea while stay strong at it's hearth while spreading outward |
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| When area outward from the source of region are affected |
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| When cultural traits weakens as time and distance increases |
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| Where ideas and artifacts spread first between larger places or prominent people and only later to smaller places or less prominent people |
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| When a basic idea, though not the specific trait itself, stimulats imitative behavior within a population |
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| Individuals or populations migrating from the source areas physically carry the innovation or idea to new areas |
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| Where the spread of cultural traits is slow enough tha they weakonin the area of origin by the time they reach other areas |
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| When the less dominant culture adopts some of the the traits of the more influential one |
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| When the dominent culture completly absorbs the less dominent one |
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| when two-way flows of culture reflect a more equel exchange of cultural traits |
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| The practice of judging another culture by the strandards of one's own culture |
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| The practice of evaluating a culture by its own standards |
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| The process of the fusion of the old with the new |
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| A systematic means of communication ideas and feelings through the use of signs, gestures, marks, or vocal sounds |
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| The process by which one generation passes culture to the next |
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| A condition in which many languages are spoken, each by a relatively small number of people |
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| The study of speech areas and thier local variations by mapping word choices, pronounciatio, or grammatical construction |
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| Languages grouped into a group with a shared, but fairly distant origin |
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| Includes Languages; English, Spanish, Hindi, Portuguese, Bengali, Russian, German, Marathi, French, Itlian, Punjabi, and Urdu |
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Romance laguages with origins in Latin
(Ex: Spanish, French, and Italian) |
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| Recognized by the government and the intellectual elite as the norm for use in schools, government, media, and other aspects of public life |
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| The language endorsed and recognized by the government as the one that everyone should know and use |
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| Regional variants of a standard language |
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| Boundries within which the wordsare spoken |
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| The ability to communicate in two languages |
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| The ability to communicate in more than two languages |
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| An amalgamation of languages that borrows words form several |
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| When a pidgin becomes the first language of a group of speakers (who may have lost thier former native tongue through disuse) |
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| An established language that comes to be spoken and understood over a large area |
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| The study of places names |
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| Languages that were once in use, but are no longer spoken or read in daily activities by anyone in the world |
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| An ideology ,with roots in Ancient Greece and Rome, and European Renaissance |
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| Transformed communism into a central ideology |
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| Definening most objects, events, and experiances |
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| Extraodinary, inspiring a sense of awe and reverance |
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| Religions such as Christianity, Islam, and Buddhsim, these apeal to many people, wherever they may live in the world |
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| Appeal to primarily to one group of people living in one place |
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| Are large and basic divisions within a religion |
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| Divisions of branches that unite local groups in a single administrative body |
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| Relatively small groups that do not affiliate with the more mainstream denominations |
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| Provides a code of moral conduct based on humaneness and family loyalty |
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| Holds that human happiness lies in maintaining proper harmony with nature |
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| Forced exodus from their lands of origin |
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| Centered on the belief in one God |
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| The belief that inanimate objects have spirits and conscious life |
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| An integral part of a local culture and society |
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| Traditionally practiced by small, homogeneouse groups living in isolated rural areas |
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| Found in large heterogeneouse societies that are bonded by a common culture despite the many differences among the people that share it |
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| Composite Culture, both material and non-material, that shapes the lives of folk societies |
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| When many people who live in a land space share at least some of the same folk customs |
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| Primarily but not exclusively urban-based, with a general mass of people conforming to and then abondoning ever-changing cultural trends |
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| Carry a particular meaning recognized by people who share culture |
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| When symbols clash with values of people on other regions |
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