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Women in Prehistory
N/A
70
Anthropology
Undergraduate 3
05/03/2015

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Term
The etruscan civilization developed around 750/700 BC in what modern-day country?
Definition
italy
Term
the bronze age witnessed pronounced inequality in social status and position. in northern european society, we can see status and gender differences in
Definition
Personal appearance
Term
women, in prehistoric near east, could hold a wide range of occupations at different levels. for example, during Ur III, women held various positions within the textile industry; however, in comparison with men, the main difference between the genders seems to be in the.....
Definition
compensation
Term
The arrival of the bell beaker into different parts of Europe was also associated with the introduction of>
Definition
metal
Term
which of the following is not a major category of megaliths
Definition
Dolmens
Term
The linearbanderkeramik (LBK) is an archaeological culture group, distinguished on the basis of
Definition
Line- decorated pottery
Term
Jericho is a biblical city and a famous archaeological site with evidence of an early fortified town as well as what other unusual find, suggestive of an ancestor cult?
Definition
Plastered skulls
Term
In Etruscan art, women are ________ in drinking and feasting scenes
Definition
active participants
Term
what is the dominant domestic structure for the british iron age
Definition
roundhouse
Term
the european continental iron age is often divided into what two periods?
Definition
Hallstatt and La Tene
Term
What is meant by deconstructing gender
Definition
gender not looked at as a thing, but as a set of practices, while not ignoring other aspects of identity.
Term
what is heterarchy?
Definition
a way to organize society within a different systems, within the same society
Term
Who is Boudicca and why do we have different versions of this historical figure?
Definition
Boudicca was a wife of a king figure during the iron age, after her husband died she started a war with the Romans after they took over. She is written about differently because they were written by men on the Roman side.
Term
Who is Hatsheput? how can we see gender and power manipulated through artistic representations of her?
Definition
She was a pharaoh of Egypt. SHe was represented differently on art, in some works she is a woman in feminine clothing in others she is a man with masculine features?
Term
The osteological analysis from Syria show that many female skeletons suffereed from what? based on evidence, what does this suggest about the division of labor during the Epipaleolithic and early neolithic?
Definition
The bones showed bruising on the top of the foot and arthritis in big toe. this shows they spent a lot of time kneeling for grinding of grains. Both sexes had strenuous work loads.
Term
Explain the differences in the way men and women are represented on cylinder seals from the near east.
Definition
Men are represented with animals and weapons, while women are represented in servitude positions and banquet scenes.
Term
Throughout the neolithic, what is observed pattern in the arrtistic representations of men adn women depicted in ritual performance and feasting scenes in the Near East?
Definition
Women are depicted in ritual performance and feasting scenes in servitude roles. Females appear more frequently in earlier depictions and decrease with time, while males does the opposite.
Term
Briefly describe the LBK culture
Definition
were named after their linear lined pottery and longhouses. Some say they are from southwest Asia, records show waves of immigrants migrating into Europe. Alternative view- spread through agriculture, people need land to create farms. First Neolithic farmers in Europe.
Term
What did the strontium isotopic analysis from three early LBK sites in southwest Germany reveal about gender and local/ non local populations
Definition
Found that in all cemeteries there were a lot of non local women, and those who were non local were buried differently than the locals. The locals faced east. Non locals were not buried with shoe lace (what local were buried with). Some of the non locals were foragers that frequented the upper area. Female non locals were marrying with local, patrillocality (lives with males family after marriage).
Term
What does the burial context from the megalithic tombs suggest about gender and the community?
Definition
No gender difference to burial, could show egalitarian or gender roles. Men and women are just placed in there.
Term
What did Grave 99 and 98, from the corded ware culture in Eulau, reveal about gender and kinship relationships?
Definition
Grave 99 showed proof of kinship being Nuclear family, father and mother and two offspring. Grave 98 Top two bodies are siblings, bottom bodies is not their mother. Child at bottom could not pull any dna from the body. Speculation of female adult being related in father side, or maternal role. 9 was old enough to be an adult in this culture since buried with stone axe. Physical closeness could represent kinship. Face to face relationship show childhood. The arrangements represent social in this society.
Term
After 480/450 BC, there is a rise in female elite graves in central Europe. Briefly explain what is thought to have caused this change in the burial record.
Definition
Class and rank superceded gender. Similar to men elite women were buried with chariots.
Term
What did settlement evidence from Black Patch, in east sussex reveal about gender and space.
Definition
Term
Briefly explain the burial evidence from east Yorkshire and how it relates to gender and status.
Definition
Buried with brooch, clay pot, or sheep left humerus. Men: pot and sheep placed at feet. Women: placed near head or hands. Speculation: Where placed represent different roles, women servers (providers) while men were acceptors. All men and women of high status were buried with chariots. The elite were buried with elaborate grave goods such as weapons, or ordaments. Non elites are buried with common goods such as clay, or brooch. Burial goods show that rank superceded gender.
Term
The laws of Aethelbert and wihtred both of kent; suggest what about women's position in this society.
Definition
women were on equal footing with men. Most of the laws show women being able to own property and being accountable for themselves. - Laws of Aethelbert- Women have rights such as; pay dowry to women and decided how to use it, individual ownership.
- Laws of Wihtred- Not financially responsible of husband breaking the law if did not know about it, if did know would have to give up money/property.
Term
Which element (bone) is the most accurate for determining the sex of an adult?
Definition
Pelvis
Term
Venus figurines are?
Definition
All the above
Term
The term is used to describe environmental conditions where oxygen is not present and where decay of organic material is partially or completely stopped.
Definition
Anaerobic.
Term
______ is the removal of the flesh. either by natural decomposition or defleshing.
Definition
excarnation
Term
What term describes the process in which human soft tissue has preserved whether by intention or accidental means?
Definition
mummification
Term
What term describes the processes that operate on organic remains after death to generate the archaeleolical skeletal deposit?
Definition
Taphonomy
Term
The term describes the bones of the trunk and head
Definition
axial
Term
the term describes an environmental state requiring or using free oxygen in the air and which therefore, causes decay in organic structures.
Definition
Aerobic
Term
which of the following is not one of the six groups of skeletal remains?
Definition
Phalange
Term
This term describes the bones of the appendages i.e. arms and legs
Definition
appendicular skeleton
Term
List four factors that affect the preservation of skeletal remains?
Definition
depth of burial, water, anaerobic or aerobic, and scavengers.
Term
What is funerary archaeology?
Definition
the burial process whether past or present
Term
what is a house?
Definition
A perpetuating collective social entity which transcends individuals or even individual genealogies
Encompasses not only people but also land, tangible and intangible resources
Embodied by material culture
Term
What is phenomenology?
Definition
describes the body as the center of all interactions. it describe how the body is, how we express, interact, and live.
Term
What does dress communicate?
Definition
It communicates nonverbally identity of the group
Term
Briefly state how space can reflect gender.
Definition
people decorate rooms that interest and identify them. like the a man-cave, a room that is decorated a male would like with a tv and sports.
Term
state how household studies intersect with the archaeological study of gender.
Definition
it is a form of social archaeology when looking at household it can show the gender roles in the home which reflects the society.
Term
Describe how age groups and gender are marked in Early Anglo-Saxon dress and grave good assmeblages.
Definition
Term
State who the scythians are and what the burial evidence from Kurgan 13 and 16 suggests about women's status.
Definition
They were female Amazon/warriors in Eurasia. they were buried with weapons which was interpreted as them being warriors.
Term
In respect to the pueblos of the american southwest, briefly describe how hunting and depictions of the Mother of Game Animals relate to a masculine- gendered landscape.
Definition
they relate due to social and cultural attributes in archaeology.MASCULINE gendered landscape Hunting was only done by males.
Term
Explain two differences b/t male and female style of dress as depicticed in Minoan art.
Definition
Men wore loin cloths, while women wore robes or skirt. Women exposed their breasts in their clothing styles to look more regal or shaman like.
Term
Describe how prehistorians may be able to determine the sex of those who created hand stencils during hte european upper paleolithic>
Definition
Hands are sexually dimorphic, so they looked at digit ratio to figure out gender.
Term
What is the mother goddess debate and briefly explain your position on that topic.
Definition
When studying the venus figurines some scholars say this is proof the society was matrilineal and was a portrait of a god they worshipped. Other scholars say this was their ideal beauty, as there is little/no proof of goddess. I agree with the beauty outlook. there is no other proof to reinforce that theory. the figurines were different in body types so more likely it is beauty or pregnancy figurines.
Term
What theoretical approach emphasizes interpretations that stress human actions are guided by beliefs and symbolic concepts
Definition
Structuralist approach
Term
_____ refers to what knowledge is, and how it is justified
Definition
epistemology
Term
what theoretical approach attempts to provide more general explanations, sometimes using law-like formations, and framing hypotheses and testing deductions from these against the data? an approach that pulls heavily from systems theory and middle range theory
Definition
processual approach
Term
what term describes the overarching perspective, a broad view that underlies a scientific discipline
Definition
paradigm
Term
what theoretical approach emphasizes the specific, avoids universal generalizations of human behavior, and often stresses the role of the individual
Definition
post-processual
Term
_____ describes the marked differences in male and female biology besides the contrasts in breasts and genitals
Definition
sexual dimorphism
Term
____ argues that change within society is a result of contradictions arising between the forces of production and the relations of production, and is based on the works of friedrich Engels and Karl Marx
Definition
Marxist archaeology
Term
what term refers to defining societies into distinct social groupings?
Definition
cultural history
Term
____ is a body of ideas for translating contemporary observations about the archaeological record into inferences about past social dynamics
Definition
middle range theory
Term
____ describes the use of field observations in the ethnographic present gathered by archaeologists addressing particular questions posed by archaeological data
Definition
ethnoarchaeology
Term
List five resources for engendering the past
Definition
burial patterns,spatial analysis, artifacts, written documents, human remains,
Term
list three commonest grave goods
Definition
clothing, containers, and food
Term
what is gender archaeology
Definition
looking at the past material culture and deciding what was used by what gender. Looking at how sex/gender was divided and differed
Term
what is agency
Definition
why people do things, the reason behind actions.
Term
describe berdache
Definition
Third gender, when someone leaves child age they are able to change/ decide what gender they are.
Term
briefly state how ethnographic analogy is used in archaeological interpretation
Definition
It is used to learn more about the past. if two things are similar in cultures that shows there may be other similarities.
Term
state the differences of the processual and post- processual approaches to gender studies.
Definition
processual is more general and doesn't just focus on gender. post-processual focuses on focuses on the individual and what the male/female did.
Term
explain how archaeology was guilty of being androcentric?
Definition
archaeology had male-centric bias. many males pushed their views of male and female onto the material culture they found.
Term
State how material culture can reflect gender.
Definition
material can be seen as a symbol since there were actions used on objects. this reflects on gender roles in the society based on what was used.
Term
According to the case study of grave goods and the royal tombs from the kingdom of silla, what did the evidence from tomb 98 suggest about gender and status?
Definition
women and men could have the same status. there was not a difference to burial clothing as they wore the same jewelry. the only difference was if there was a sword or not, which made it a gender marker.
Term
according to the case study focusing on human representations on Mimbres' decorative black-on-white pottery, how were contrary-gendered features identified?
Definition
the contrary-gendered figures were shown to have male and female traits.
Term
describe on gender pattern identified at the black dog burial site
Definition
there was a difference in burial patterns for juveniles and adults, so it was based on division of labor and rank.
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