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"Saddam in Drag" 2002
* Power Issues
- Man dressing as a woman = ridicule
- Woman dressing as man = empowering |
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"An Ill-Matched Couple"
- 1750s
- Patriarchal System
- Marriage
- Women rarely able to choose spouse
- Used by upper class for wealth and social status; lower class used to progress family forward
- Young Woman and Older Man
- Woman's dowry |
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Andre Bouys, "La Recureuse"
- 18th century
- working as an indentured/domestic servant
- earning dowry to make more desirable for marriage
- usually orphans or widows |
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Jan Steen, "The Dissolute Household"
- 1655
- Conservative critique of the failing household
- If men do not control their wives, the household itself will be out of control
- Common idea of the household as symbol for society. If the household is turned upside down, so will society. |
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Rousseau's Sophie
- Late 18th century
- Rousseau's ideal woman of nurturer, mother (breastfeeding)
- "perfect" family dynamic, husband standing over woman, woman breastfeeding.
- Nature setting --> natural roles and family image |
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Cesare Ripa's "Science as Woman"
- 1618
- Up until the 18th century women were viewed as the muses of science
- As in this picture, the woman is guiding man to the study of science
- There were even many female scientists
- However, at the turn of the 18th century science comes to be considered a masculine persuit
- As symbols of nature, women become the OBJECT of science |
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Soemmerring's Female Skeleton
- 1796
- Swaying body, large hips, smile
- men and women are no longer seen as the same in science
- woman's nature of a human being becomes molded by science
- exaggeration of female differences
- Science being used to justify and highlight sex differences |
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Madame Geoffrin's Salon, Paris
- 1740s
- Predessors of the French Revolution
- Women in the public, political sphere
- Madame Geoffrin hosted and included women along with men to discuss politics and critique society
- atmosphere of criticism |
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"A Family of Sans Culottes Refreshing After the Fatigues of the Day"
- 1792
- British Commentary/Satire on French society during the French Revolution
- Women staged own riots, heavily involved in opposition to the government
- Disorder within society and between the sexes |
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"Wigan Girl at Work and on Sunday"
- Late 18th, Early 19th century
- Industrial revolution --> no longer vast area of work exclusion, but women continue to do unskilled work and therefore easily exploited
- One such job, coalmining
- Contrast of female images, perversion of femininity
- Jules Simon: "a woman who becomes a worker is no longer a woman." |
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"The Haunted Lady or The Ghost in the Looking Glass Madame la Modiste,” Punch
- 1863
- exhausted working class woman who produced the dress worn by the upper class woman
- emphasizes differences between classes
- reinforces ideal of woman as the decorative object
- but the Domestic Ideal shows woman as decorative object, but not extravagant in dress --> guilt for dressing so |
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"The Marriage Mart"
- Mid 18th century
- young couple who are disinterested; parents in the other room deciding marriage
- Marriage not for love, desire out for children, but rather for property and money |
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"Poor Relief and Charity"
- 19th century
- Middle class women devote themselves to charitable acts
- Especially helping the working class
- "social duty and good works"
- both protestant and jewish women, religion as foundation or motivation to do good |
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"The Dandy" aka Beau Brummel
- 19th century
-Tailored suits, walking stick, much more leisured, close fitting clothes
- Elite or mid-class
- Flaneur: strolls the city
- Stands somewhat outside of midle class
- Proposes alternative to middle class image
- Viewed as a disruption to class
- Viewed by others as an ambiguous sexuality |
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"Hannah Culwick as Slave"
- 1850s
- Lover of middle-class britishman, ARTHUR MUNBY
- Transgressive Heterosexuality
- Crossed race, gender, and class
- Reaffirming and subverting roles
- Paraded in public
- Sex for passion and not reproduction |
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Cora Pearl
- 19th century
- Prostitutes object of male fantasy in 19th C
- Prostitute, inbetween high class and working class
- Working class woman
- Used prostitution to climb social ladder
- Able to dictate who and how much
- Monetary independence
- Producer, commodity, consumer |
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Sarah Baartmann, aka Hottentot Venus
- Early 1800s
- her inverted posterior made related to her race not health
- captured and forced into circus in europe
- constructed image of the body
- hyper sexualized
- gender used to reinforce hierarchy of race
- gender and race made a spectacle
- oriental, colonies viewed as female, passive, sexual |
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Pears’ Soap Ad: White Man’s Burden
- “civilizing” colonies = white washing
- teaching virtues of cleanliness
- Late 19th C
- Imperialism
- “Civlilizing Mission” |
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Force Feeding Suffrages
- 1900s
- Symbolic rape of middle class women’s bodies
- Militancy, physical action over vocal
- Wanted to be seen as political prisoners, starved themselves, men didn’t want to be held responsible
- Cat and Mouse act, legalizes hunger strike |
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Suffragette's Home
- Early 20th century
- Suffrage destroying middle class domesticity
- upsetting natural order |
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The New Woman and the Old
- 1890-1914
- Woman as spectacle
- New woman does fit into society
- Making fun of the woman and the men for being intrigued by her
- Cult of Personality: pleasures and fulfillment |
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Colette in Drag
- Early 1900s
- Sidonie Gabrielle Colette
- begins as a writer in Paris, starts career in Music Hall acting, wrote The Vagabond, an autobiography of fiction (overnight bestseller)
- “emodiment of paradox”
- individual pleasure, not a feminist
- struggle between independence and domesticity |
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Emile Bayard, Buying Gloves at the Bon Marché
- 1889
- Conspicuous consumer
- Commerce, domesticity, and pleasure together
- Bon Marche, 1869 first department store in Paris
- Aristide Boucault
- Middle class institution, spectacle, display
- Women overwhelmed with all the things in the store
- depicted in Emile Zola reading |
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The Nightingale Myth
- 1854
- Went to Crimean War to nurse soldiers
- Picture depicts her as a saint, nurturing
- had an idealize image
- but in reality was iron-willed, hard-working, had her own mind
- uses this as a cover for subversive activity
- manipulates and re-appropriates domestic ideal |
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Georges Sand
- Mid 19th C
- Cross-dresser, bohemian, excentuate her hips
- in writing challenged male intelligences
- Took on male pen name
- Left husband, affair with Chopin, lesbian relationship
- Perceived as a problem, unnatural |
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“Feminine Demands,” Le Grelot
- 1896
- New Woman
- The Bicycle, pants → masculine, playing male role of the family
- leaves husband behind to take on domestic role
- strips men of masculinity
- bicycle as freedom, liberation
- when house is turned upside → society turned upside down |
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Marguerite Durand Publicity Shot, Femina
- 1910
- French actress, journalist and highly paid courtesan in Paris
- Establishes her own feminist newspaper La Fronde
- Image for running for municipal office, illegal at the time
- Powerful stance over powerful animal, but illusion because of tamer seen in the background
- Re-appropriated women as decorative object
- uses sexuality and beauty to further her success/image |
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Sarah Bernhardt
- acclaimed actress in Paris during 1920s, early 20th C
- monopolizes on her image of beauty
- endorsed own line of beauty products
- gender as a performance, spectacle
- played virtuous characters thereby challenging the idea of natural female virtue |
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