Term
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Definition
-SRS 1952
- first well-known person to have SRS - media frenzy—glamour figure - forces the public to think about the definition of sex - age of science - a condition of "biological sex" (intersex), argument that all humans have male and female components & some are more intermediate than others... a condition of sexuality/perversion... a condition of gender ("psychological sex") - speaks out in favor of gay rights and sees self as a career woman, liberal but not particularly radical |
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Term
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Definition
- Magnus Hirschfeld
- gay & gay rights advocate
- performed sex reassignment surgeries |
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Term
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Definition
- June Cleaver
- 1950s
- Leave It to Beaver mother
- happy/nostalgic housewive, as versus the bored, depressed Betty
Friedan/Feminine Mystique housewife
- 50s domestic ideal: suburbs, consumerism, emphasis on partnership
between husband and wife
- reassertion of traditional gender roles
- lower marriage age, dropped starting in WWII
- era of prosperity, Cold War anxiety
- psychology: emphasis on child rearing |
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Term
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Definition
- SANE
- Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy
- among other women's activist organizations of the 1950s
- women's antinuclear movement in particular—maternalism
- women also still active in union work; NWP still pushing for ERA;
League of Women Voters |
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Term
| Community Service Organization |
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Definition
| - 1950s - overlap with labor movement - Cesar Chavez, Dolores Huerta - Mexcian-American, women and men - community uplift—teaching English, getting streets paved, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
- maternity homes
- 1950s: conservative stereotype of women's sexuality remains —
"containment" of women's sexuality (not the whole story)
- women stigmatized for intercourse outside marriage; might be okay
for men
- trying to hide pregnancies—maternity homes or illegal abortions
or moving away |
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Term
| Sexual Behavior in the Human Fe/Male |
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Definition
- Sexual Behavior in the Human Fe/Male
- Kinsey
- 1948 male, 1953 female
- proves conclusively that lots of women had premarital sex, etc.
- younger women more sexually active than older generation
- symbolize the sexualization of postwar culture (also Playboy and
Duke; pulp books with sexual themes)
- postwar lesbian/gay pulp fiction boom |
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Term
| Women's Political Council |
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Definition
- Women's Political Council
- Montgomery women's civic org. that suggests bus boycott
- CRM leadership: male spokespeople and female organizers
- Septima Clark, adult literacy classes become model for
Citizenship Schools
- Anne Braden—white anti-segregationist |
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Term
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Definition
- Pauli Murray
- African-American woman, lawyer, active in women's rights since
late 1940s
- lesbian; lived as male in 1930s
- friends with Eleanor Roosevelt
- well-known civil rights lawyer by early 1960s
- discrimination against women is "Jane Crow"
- introduced legal argument that 14th amendment could be used to
oppose discrimination against women—calling for equal protection
rather than equal rights brings together protection and equality
regimes |
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Term
| President's Commission on the Status of Women |
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Definition
- President's Commission on the Status of Women
- 1963 report
- moderate—recommends women be trained for marriage and motherhood
- calls for equal pay, equal participation on juries, etc., child
care
- does not endorse ERA
- after report, every state appoints Commission on the Status of
Women |
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Term
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Definition
- Equal Pay Act
-1963
- women should be paid equally for equal work under equal conditions
- some states passed similar acts during WWII
- first ever federal law against sex discrimination
- problems: women and men not working the same jobs; didn't cover
all jobs, excluded agricultural work and domestic service (women
of color) |
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Term
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Definition
- The Feminine Mystique
- 1963
- Betty Friedan
- bored housewife
- Friedan conceals that she's been an activist (incl. in labor
movement) |
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Term
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Definition
- Title VII
- 1964
- Civil Rights Act Title VII
- "sex" thrown in as last-minute amendment—to derail bill or
because the legislator (Howard Smith, VA) supported women's
rights? Not really clear
- no discrimination in hiring, firing or promotion
- Equal Employment Opportunity Commission director says he won't
enforce the sex provision because it wasn't supposed to be in
there and he didn't support it
- NOW forms in protest of EEOC douchiness, actually over the issue
of sex-segregated want ads |
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Term
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Definition
- NOW
- 1966
- Betty Friedan is first president
- complaints against EEOC are first action: picketing, helping
women file Title VII lawsuits
- succeeds: EEOC starts enforcing Title VI within a few years
- starts as Washington insiders; eventually gains local chapters
and becomes largest feminist org. in US — more mass-based
starting in 1970s
- men participated |
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Term
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Definition
- Shirley Chisholm
- seeks 1972 Dem nomination for President
- National Women's Political Caucus (1961) supports her campaign |
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Term
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Definition
- Our Bodies, Ourselves
- 1971
- part of women's publishing movement (also Ms. Magazine, 1971)
- women's body, sexuality, health handbook
- Boston Women's Health Collective
- implicit criticism of medical establishment/expert knowledge
- helps to launch women's health movement |
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Term
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Definition
- Gloria Steinham
- straddles liberal/radical divide—active with radicals in NY and
on national scene in DC
- glamorous and well-known journalist |
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Term
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Definition
- Title IX
- 1972
- prohibits sex discrimination in educational programs that receive
federal funding
- no more quotas on admitting women to universities and
professional schools—enables 1980s surge in women doctors
- best known for effect on athletic programs
- applies to public schools; ends discrimination against pregnant
girls—due to organizing (mostly black women in cities) |
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Term
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Definition
- Roe v. Wade
- 1973
- makes abortion legal in first trimester of pregnancy
- work starts with doctors and on state level in 1960s
- by end of 1960s, NOW comes out in favor of safe, legal abortions
- illegal, unsafe abortions — coat hanger
- Norma McCorvey/Jane Roe (Texas), working-class lesbian woman |
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Term
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Definition
- Percy Amendment
- 1973
- amendment to 1973 Foreign Assistance Act
- all U.S. programs for "underdeveloped nations" must integrate
women—previously had only treated them as mothers
- advocated by 1970s liberal feminists
- major worldwide impact |
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Term
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Definition
- Equal Rights Act
- by mid-1960s, most liberal feminists endorse ERA
- by mid-1970s, majority of Americans support ERA, legalized
abortion, etc.
- Stop ERA
- Congress passes an extension from 1978 to 1982 but they never get
the 38 states—just three states away |
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Term
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Definition
- liberal feminism
- NOW, NWPC, Washington lobbying groups
- women essentially similar to men
- ERA, equal access to professions, equal pay
- over 1970s, pushed to take more radical stances as radical women
entered liberal organizations |
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Term
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Definition
- radical feminism
- came out of New Left; associated with youth and counterculture
- formal equality not enough; sexism is systemic; patriarchy
- male violence against women is a key issue
- age gap with liberal feminists |
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Term
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Definition
- socialist-feminism
- problem is patriarchy AND capitalism
- male dominance built into capitalist system
- labor movement: unionizing women and getting them into
male-dominated trades; revaluing traditionally women's jobs
- clerical worker's organization 925 becomes a union (SEIU) |
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Term
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Definition
- third-world feminism
- aka "women of color feminism"
- takes off in 1970 |
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Term
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Definition
- sexual revolution
- sexual intercourse outside of marriage becomes middle-class norm
- sexual expression understood as natural and healthy
- radical feminists participate but criticize as male-centered
- liberal feminists embarrassed by sexual issues |
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Term
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Definition
- Phyllis Schlafly
- active since 1950s
- lawyer and longtime activist but promotes self as 'defender of
ordinary housewives'
- makes opposing ERA a national issue—Stop ERA
- God intended men and women to be different and women should
mostly be mothers
- exaggerated claims about ERA: husbands won't support wives; women
wouldn't get Social Security or alimony; require unisex public
bathrooms; women drafted and forced into combat; same-sex marriage |
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Term
| International Women's Year |
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Definition
- International Women's Year
- Houston
- 1977
- Congress appropriates $5 million
- big-name attendees |
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Term
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Definition
- Tammy Faye Bakker
- 1980s
- with husband Jim, head of one of top televangelical networks
- mimicked secular women's daytime television to create an
evangelical women's culture & national community
- wearing lots of makeup—a break from the church she was raised
in—women can express themselves and still be conservative/pious |
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Term
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Definition
- Marabel Morgan
- books: The Total Woman and Total Joy
- books for evangelical women struggling with ideal vs. experience
of marriage
- focus on submission ("adaptation"): adapt your will to that of
your husband... but negotiation okay, and adaptation can be
maniuplative
- not just vanilla, for-procreation-only sex (obv. only with
husband)—important change in women's sexuality |
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Term
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Definition
| - Beverly LaHaye - Concerned Women for America, 1979 - opposes many core feminist issues but supports careers of conservative women interested in politics - women need to be in politics to properly address women's issues—maternalism - as opposed to Anita Bryant, who was saying "I would not have to do this if you men were more involved" (necessity, not maternalism) |
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Term
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Definition
- Catharine MacKinnon
- Yale Law
- one of the first to define and write about sexual harassment
- Sexual Harassment of Working Women, 1979
- sexual harassment counts as sex discrimination because it
reinforces women's inequality in the workplace
- quid pro quo versus hostile environment harassment—eventually
adopted by courts and EEOC |
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Term
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Definition
- Alexander v. Yale
- 1980
- first case to use Title IX for sexual harassment
- loses because students had graduated
- "tremendous impact" in using Title IX for sexual harassment
- pushes universities to create grievance procedures |
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Term
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Definition
- Virginia Prince
- Transvestia magazine (1960)
- trying to distinguish cross-dressing from homosexuality and
transsexuality
- using the language of gender—"transgenderal"
- identifies gender hierarchy as one that privileges
gender-conforming over gender-nonconforming people |
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Term
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Definition
- Reed Erickson
- Erickson Educational Foundation, 1964
- first transsexual rights org.?
- like homophile orgs—education, support, cooperation with doctors |
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Term
| Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins |
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Definition
- Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins
- 1989
- Anne Hopkins turned down for promotion
- not feminine enough: being held to different standards than men
- sex stereotyping is sex discrimination |
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Term
| Barnes v. City of Cincinatti |
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Definition
- Barnes v. City of Cincinatti
- Felicia Barnes, Cincinnati police officer, denied promotion
- denied promotion for being insufficiently masculine
- Price Waterhouse used as precedent |
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Term
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Definition
- Schroer v. Billington
- 2007
- Library of Congress guilty of sex stereotyping for denying
Schroer job because of her transition
- analogy to religious discrimination |
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Term
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Definition
- CEDAW
- UN General Assembly adopts Convention on the Elimination of All
Forms of Discrimination against Women
- since 1979, 139 nations have ratified
- US has not ratified—same opposition as ERA |
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