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1848-1920
term was coined retroactively in the 1970s |
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| 19th Century - Barbara Welter's "cult of true womanhood" |
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1. Piety
2. Purity
3. Domesticity
4. Submissiveness |
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long poem written by Coventry Patmore
idealized portrayal of Victorian marriage
women as docile, subservient and submissiveVirginia Woolf -> speaks out against angel in the house ideal |
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| Early Activism: Temperance |
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Grimke Sisters
Seneca Falls Convention
July 1848
2 days
Lucretia Mott (organizer)
Jane Hunt, Martha Wright, Mary Ann McClintock
Prioritizing race/gender
Civil War 1861-1865 |
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• Ratified in 1868
• Gave suffrage to black men (NOT women)
• But could not really vote til much, much later due to social unrest, Jim Crow laws, etc. |
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| NWSA (National Women Suffrage Association) |
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• 1869
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony
• Women only
• Suffrage but also other issues |
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| AWSA (American Woman Suffrage Association) |
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• Men and women
• Only suffrage |
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| Several definitions – “separate but equal” – magna carta – declaration of independence – declaration of sentiments |
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| “Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the US or by any state on account of sex” – 1923 Alice Paul |
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• Mid-late 50s
• Resurgence of feminism in the 60s
• Any chance that there is reform on a civil rights agenda – women typically involved
• “I AM a man” propaganda – based on Langston Hughes poem – African American men fighting for rights – obviously not helpful for women’s rights |
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| • Betty Freidan published it – big deal – beginning of second wave fem |
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• 1963: Equal Pay Act
• 1964: Title VII – prohibits sexual harassment
• 1965: EEOC – Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
• 1971: constitutional right to abortion (Roe (her) vs. Wade (state defender) )
o 9th amendment/section 1 of 14th amendment – because people, are allowed right to privacy – viability (when life begins debate)
• 1972: Title IX
o equal funding for men and women’s sports, education, etc. – federal funding must be allocated to both genders equally
• 1974: Women’s Educational Equity Act
o helps enforce title IX – help educate women on all of the things that they have now
• Violence against women (throughout 70s)
o Finally safe havens for women and battered women’s shelters come about in the 70s – previously not even talked about
o Women’s health movement – birth control – “our bodies, ourselves”
• Anti-marriage movements (throughout 70s) |
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| NOW – National Organization for Women |
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• Founded in 1966 by Freidan and others
• Increasing tensions between:
o Liberal and radical feminists
o Black activism and feminist activism
o “New Left” and feminist activism
• Additionally, white second wave feminists often failed to acknowledge differences of race, class, and sexual orientation amongst women |
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• In addition to schisms within feminism, anti-feminist activism began to rise
• Phyllis Schlafly campaigned against the ERA, and successfully prevented its ratification (in 1979, only 35 states had ratified the amendment) – graduated from WU – we hate her |
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• New right
• Family values
• Anti-abortion activism
o Hyde amendment (1976)
- Even though women have a constitutional right to abortions – no federal $ can go to it → legal but not accessible
o Operation rescue |
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• First reported in 1981
• Originally called GRID (gay-related-immune-deficiency) or even the “gay plague” – stigmatized to this one group of population |
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• Founded by 1977 by James Dobson
• Indicted feminism and homosexuality as destructive to family values |
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• The notion that feminism has succeeded, that gender equality no longer exists – second wave was it – enjoy and protect rights that we already have
• Media projected this post feminism – spread |
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• In 1991, Anita Hill accused US Supreme Court nominee Thomas Clarence of sexual harassment – he still won
• This sparked a revitalization of feminism |
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• “I am not a post-feminism feminist. I am the third-wave.”
• Third wavers tend to characterize themselves
o In complex affinity/opposition to second wave “mothers”
o As embracing of contradiction and complexity
o As aware of differences of race, class, and sexual orientation within feminism – reactions against this |
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• Tends to be characterized by:
o As interested in discourse as activism
o Activism and discourse that is fragmentary, experiment
o Dispersed vs. centralized
o Ironic, comedic, parodic |
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Founded in 1985
Artists, performers,
filmmakers, writers
• Funny but also alerting public to problem |
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• Underground feminist punk rock bands
• Interested in reclaiming and reworking what it means to be a “girl”
• “Girl Power”
• Also reclaiming the word “queer” – from very derogatory to now academic term with no negative connotation toward homosexuality |
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the belief that people and/or phenomenon have an underlying and unchanging “essence”
o Educational def: theory advocating the teaching, on traditional lines and to everyone, of certain ideas and methods supposed to be essential to the prevalent culture
o Philosophical def: the belief in real essences of things
The doctrine that essence is prior to existence – opp. to existentialism
Can also be expressed as the diff between ESSENCE and SOCIAL o The doctrine that essence is prior to existence – opp. to existentialism
o Can also be expressed as the diff between ESSENCE and SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIONISM
Women are women. Men are men. Black women are black women. Black men are black men |
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• 1818-1883 (first wave)
• German philosopher, economist, etc.
• Credited as a founding father of social sciences
• Wrote the Communist Manifesto
• Das Kapital
• Capitalism very visible at this time |
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• Focus on economics: money, capital, commerce
o All culture, social workings, political workings etc. (superstructure) are based on economics (base/means of production)
• Two classes locked together in conflict
o Bourgeoisie (middle class)
o Proletariats (working class) |
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• The ruling class (bourgeoisie) control capitalist society through justifying ideologies or systems of belief (religions, political views, etc.)
• “The ruling ideas in any time are always those of the ruling class” – Marx
• Proletariats (working class) suffer from “false consciousness” – not knowing their class status
• Note: “Ideology” is often used incorrectly to refer to false, erroneous beliefs, but in Marxism, it specifically refers to systems of belief that account for economic bases. Social democracy, for instance, is an ideology that justifies capitalism |
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| What is Marxist Feminism? |
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• Notion that women’s oppression is a symptom of a more fundamental form of oppression: the oppression engendered by capitalism itself
• The position of women in the family (“women’s work”) serves the interests of the economy and dominant classes
• Opposes Phyllis Shlfafly’s ideology |
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| General Claims of Marxist Feminism |
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• The family is patriarchal
• Women’s work serves the needs of the capitalist economy
• The family and “family values” are an ideology
• The family is an object of |
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• ¬Offshoot of Marxism
• Frankfurt School – German Jewish men studying marxism
o Mid-nineteenth century philosophers and proto-sociologists
o Take superstructure as their object of study – taking seriously popular culture (music film, literature, etc)
o Critical theory was established against “traditional theory” and enlightenment values (faith in the ability of human reasoning to solve all problems, to secure a better future [teleology or positivism]) |
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• Family → childcare, eldercare – we don’t have socialized systems for those
• Private property
• Feminized labor
• Consumerism |
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• Critical theorist
• Interpreting feminism both as the correction to a superstructure (patriarchal values) but also as a new superstructure (racism against black feminists)
• Ultimate goal is to critique the progress of feminism in a way that makes the movement (and the movement’s ideology) stronger, more truly “liberatory”
• Critical theorists criticize in order to make something better – ex. feminism |
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| The Invention of Homosexuality |
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| • According to dictionary, both “homosexual” and “homosexuality” first appeared in English in 1892 along with “heterosexual” and “heterosexuality” in an English translation of a thing in 1886 |
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| Historicizing Gay, Lesbian, Queer |
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| • Gay and lesbian American history is often told as before and after Stonewall (referring to the riots of 1969) |
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• No mainstream gay and lesbian movement
• No discourse to describe homosexuality
• Assumption that homosexual men and women are “closeted” – repressed, ashamed, silenced, stigmatized
• In many cities it was ILLEGAL to be homosexual
• Police regularly raided gay bars and sometimes arrest everyone present for “indecency”
o A bar could have its liquor license revoked for knowingly serving drinks to 3+ homosexuals
o States began to decriminalize homosexual acts in the 70s and 80s
o Sodomy laws weren’t fully repealed until 2003
o Faceau instrumental in this repeal |
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• If homosexuality was discussed at all it was considered a mental illness or a sexual perversion – not a sexual orientation or identity
• The American Psychiatric Association listed homosexuality on its official list of mental disorders until 1973 |
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• Two books on sexual behavior published by Alfred Kinsey in 1948 and 1953
• Discovered diversity in human sexuality
• Estimated that:
o 10% of population is homosexual
o 46% of male subjects had “reacted” sexually to persons of both sexes in course of their adult lives
o 37% had at least one homosexual experience
• Kinsey Scale:
o A scale that ranks sexual behavior from 0-6 with 0 being completely heterosexual and 6 completely homosexual |
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• June 28, 1969 at the Stonewall Inn in Greenwich Village in NY
• This time: Vietnam, Civil Rights, second wave feminism |
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• A transgendered woman got into a fight with a police officer after he prodded her with a nightstick
• Other Stonewall patrons joined the fracas
• Police began beating customers in bar
• Patrons of nearby bars joined in – 2,000 people
• Some rioters chanted “Gay Power!”
• Rioting resumed next night
• Four nights later 1,000 people gathered at the Stonewall and rioted again
• Extensive property damage
• People were coming out in order to protest
• Later in summer 1969 between 5,000 and 10,000 people marched for gay rights – beginning of gay activism |
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| Gay/Lesbian activism after Stonewall |
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• Characterized by
o Drive for equality, tolerance, end of discrimination
o Bringing homosexuals into the mainstream
• Some examples
o Gay marriage, repeal of “don’t ask don’t tell” |
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• Gays and lesbians
• Intellectuals and activists
• Blacks and whites
• Radicals and reformists |
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• Essentialism or social constructionism?
o Are we born gay or do we become gay?
• Are there two sexualities, then, or even more?
o Homo/hetero
o Bisexual, asexual, transgender, transsexual
• Sexual identity or sexual behavior? |
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• 1959 the earliest known case of AIDS is isolated
• 1978: Gay men in the US and Sweden – and heterosexuals in Tanzania and Haiti – begin showing signs of what will later be called AIDS
• 1982: name “AIDS” is coined
• 1983: French scientists isolate HIV
• 1986: death toll reaches 16,301
• 1987: AZT becomes the first anti-HIV drug proved by the FDA and it’s a dose of 100mg every four hours around the clock – extremely expensive
• 1987: ACT UP is founded in NYC
• Immigrants and travelers with HIV are no longer allowed into US
• 1988: US bans discrimination against federal workers with HIV/AIDS
• world AIDS day (December 1st) is founded
• 1989: ACT UP protests the price of AZT and price is lowered by 20%
• 1994 – present day: several different, les expensive, better-researched drugs are approved
• 2006: FDA approved Atripla as first once a day treatment option
• 2006: Center for Disease Control releases revised HIV testing recommendations for health-care settings, recommending routine HIV screening for all adults 13-64 years old
• 2009: Obama lifts HIV travel ban
• Estimated that 34 million today live with HIV/AIDS worldwide
• In the US: estimated that more than 1 million people live with HIV/AIDS and half a million people have died since beginning of AIDS epidemic in 80s |
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| the adherence by a group of people of a particular religion, race, social background, etc., to political beliefs or goals specific to the group concerned, as opposed to conforming to traditional broad-based party politics |
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a methodology of studying oppression that considers the relationships among multiple dimensions and modalities of social relationships and subject formations
o A feminist sociological theory first coined by Kimberle Crenshaw in 1989 |
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