Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Breaking food into nutrient molecules |
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Term
|
Definition
| Movement of nutrients into the bloodstream |
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Term
|
Definition
| Excretes to rid the body of indigestible waste |
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|
Term
| Two main groups of organs of digestive system are the: |
|
Definition
| Alimentary canal and Accesory digestive organs |
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|
Term
| <> Alimentary canal (gastrointestinal, or GI tract) |
|
Definition
| Continuous, coiled, hollow tube; These organs ingest, digest, absorb, and defecate |
|
|
Term
| <> Alimentary canal (gastrointestinal, or GI tract) |
|
Definition
| Continuous, coiled, hollow tube that runs through the ventral cavity from the stomach to anus; These organs ingest, digest, absorb, and defecate; Mouth> Pharynx> Esophagus> Stomach> Small intestine> Large intestine> Anus |
|
|
Term
| <> Accessory digestive organs |
|
Definition
| Include teeth, tongue, and several large digestive organs; Assists digestion in various ways |
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|
Term
| Anatomy of the mouth consists of: |
|
Definition
| The mouth, lips cheeks, hard palate, soft palate, and the uvula |
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Term
|
Definition
| MA Mucous membrane-lined cavity |
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Term
|
Definition
| MA Protect the anterior opening |
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Term
|
Definition
| MA Form the lateral walls |
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Term
|
Definition
| MA forms the anterior roof |
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Term
|
Definition
| MA forms the posterior roof |
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Term
|
Definition
| MA fleshy projection of the soft palate |
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Term
|
Definition
| MA Space between lips externally and teeth and gums internally |
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Term
|
Definition
| MA Area contained by the teeth |
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Term
|
Definition
| MA Attached at the hyoid bone and styloid processes of the skull, and by the lingual frenulum to the floor of the mouth |
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Term
|
Definition
| MA Palatine (located at the posterior end of oral cavity) and Lingual (located at the base of the tongue) |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The tongue mixes masticated food with _______ and it also initiates _______ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What allows the tongue to taste? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What structure serves as a passageway for foods, fluids, and air? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Below the oropharynx and continuous with the esophagus |
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Term
| Food is propelled to the esophagus by 2 skeletal muscle layers in the pharynx which are? |
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Definition
| The longitudinal outer layer and the circular inner layer |
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Term
|
Definition
| Alternating contractions of the muscle layers which propels the food |
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|
Term
| Describe the physical properties of the esophagus? |
|
Definition
| About 10 inches long and runs from pharynx to stomach through the diaphragm |
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Term
| <> The 4 layers from innermost to outermost, from esophagus to the large intestine |
|
Definition
| Mucosa> Submucosa> Muscularis externa> Serosa |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Describe the structure of the mucosa (first layer) moist membrane. |
|
Definition
| Surface epithelium is mostly simple columnar (except for esophagus which would be stratified squamous) with small amounts of connective tissue (lamina propria) and Scanty smooth muscle layer |
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Term
| Describe the structure of the submucosa (2nd layer) |
|
Definition
| It's just below the mucosa; has soft connective tissue with blood vessels, nerve endings, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, and lymphatic vessels |
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Term
| Describe the structure of the muscularis externa (Smooth muscle) (3rd layer) |
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Definition
| Inner circular layer; Outer longitudinal layer |
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|
Term
| Describe the structure of the Serosa (4th layer) |
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Definition
| Outermost layer of the wall; contains fluid producing cells; These are the Visceral, and Parietal peritoneum |
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Term
|
Definition
| Innermost layer that is continuous with the outermost layer |
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Term
|
Definition
| Outermost layer that lines the abdominopelvic cavity by way of the mesentary |
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|
Term
| What are the 2 intrinsic nerve plexuses that are part of the autonomic nervous system in the Alimentary canal? |
|
Definition
| The submucosal nerve plexus, and the Myenteric nerve plexus |
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|
Term
| What is the job of the Alimentary Canal Nerve Plexuses? |
|
Definition
| Regulate mobility and secretory activity of the GI tract organs |
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|
Term
| Describe the stomach in terms of shape and location. |
|
Definition
| C-shaped organ located on the left side of the abdominal cavity |
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|
Term
| <> Food enters the stomach at the _______ from the esophagus and leaves to the small intestine at the ________ |
|
Definition
| Cardioesophageal sphincter; Pyloric sphincter |
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|
Term
| Stomach regions: Cardial (Cardia) |
|
Definition
| Near the heart and surrounds the cardioesophageal sphincter |
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|
Term
| <> Stomach regions: Fundus |
|
Definition
| Expanded portion lateral to the cardiac region |
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|
Term
| <> Stomach regions: Body (midportion) |
|
Definition
| Greater curvature is the convex lateral surface; Lesser curvature is the concave medial surface |
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|
Term
| <> Stomach regions: Pylorus |
|
Definition
| Funnel-shaped terminal end |
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|
Term
| The Stomach can stretch and hold how much? |
|
Definition
| 4 L (1 gallon) of food when full |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Internal folds of the mucosa present when the stomach is empty |
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Term
|
Definition
| Double layer of the peritoneum; Extends from the liver to the lesser curvature of stomach |
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Term
|
Definition
| Another extension of the peritoneum; Covers the abdominal organs; Fat insulates, cushions, and protects abdominal organs |
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|
Term
| Describe the structure of the stomach mucosa. |
|
Definition
| Simple columnar epithelium composed almost entirely of mucous cells. Those cells produce bicarbonate-rich alkaline mucus |
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|
Term
| The stomach is dotted with gastric pits leading to gastric glands that do what and how? |
|
Definition
| Secrete gastric juice including intrinsic factors; this factor is needed for vitamin B12 absorption in the small intestine |
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Term
|
Definition
| Produce protein-digesting enzymes (pepsinogens) |
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|
Term
| <> Parietal Cells (Stomach) |
|
Definition
| Produce hydrochloric acid that activates enzymes |
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|
Term
| <> Mucous neck cells (stomach) |
|
Definition
| Produce thin acidic mucus (different from the mucus produced by mucous cells of the mucosa) |
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|
Term
| <> Enteroendocrine cells (stomach) |
|
Definition
| Produce local hormones such as gastrin |
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|
Term
| General function of the Stomach |
|
Definition
| Temporary storage tank for food; Site of food breakdown; Chemical breakdown of protein begins; Delivers Chyme (processed food) to the small intestine |
|
|
Term
| The longest portion of the alimentary tube is |
|
Definition
| The Small intestine which can be -2-4 meters or -roughly 7-13 feet, in a living person |
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|
Term
| <> Describe the Small intestines' function and location within the body |
|
Definition
| Site of nutrient absorption into the blood; muscular tube extending from the pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve; Suspended from the posterior abdominal wall by the mesentery |
|
|
Term
| <> The Small intestines can be divided into 3 locations |
|
Definition
| Duodenum, Jejunum and Ileum |
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|
Term
| <> SMI Chemical digestion: Enzymes |
|
Definition
| Produced by intestinal cells and pancreas are carried to the duodenum by pancreatic ducts |
|
|
Term
| <> SMI Chemical digestion: Bile |
|
Definition
| Formed by the liver, enters the duodenum via the bile duct |
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|
Term
| <> SMI Chemical digestion: Hepatopancreatic ampulla |
|
Definition
| Is the location where the main pancreatic duct and bile ducts join |
|
|
Term
| The small intestines' structure purposes |
|
Definition
| Increases surface area for food absorption; Decreases in number toward the end of the small intestine |
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|
Term
| <> The small intestines' structure: Villi |
|
Definition
| Fingerlike projections formed by the mucosa (house a capillary bed and lacteal) |
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|
Term
| <> The small intestines' structure: Microvilli |
|
Definition
| tiny projections of the plasma membrane (Brush border enzymes) |
|
|
Term
| <> The small intestines' structure: Circular folds (plicae circulares) |
|
Definition
| Deep folds of mucosa and submucosa |
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Term
|
Definition
| Collections of lymphatic tissue; Located in submucosa; Increases in number towards the end of the small intestine; More are needed there because remaining food residue contains many bacteria |
|
|
Term
| Describe the Large intestine |
|
Definition
| Larger in diameter, but shorter in length at 1.5 m, than the small intestine; Extends from the ileocecal valve to the anus; Subdivisions include the Cecum, Appendix, Colon, Rectum, and Anal Canal |
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Term
|
Definition
| Saclike first part of the large intestine |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Hangs from the cecum; Accumulation of lymphoid tissue that sometimes becomes inflamed (appendicitis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Travels up right side of abdomen and makes a turn at the right colic (hepatic) flexure |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Travels across the abdominal cavity and turns at the left Colic (splenic) flexure |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Travels down toward the left side |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| S-shaped region; enters the pelvis |
|
|
Term
| Which parts of the digestive tract are located in the pelvis? |
|
Definition
| Sigmoid colon, the rectum, and the anal canal |
|
|
Term
| <> Anal Canal ends at the _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Opening of the large intestine |
|
|
Term
| <> External anal sphincter |
|
Definition
| Formed by skeletal muscle and is voluntary |
|
|
Term
| <> Internal Anal Sphincter |
|
Definition
| Formed by smooth muscle and is involuntary |
|
|
Term
| Both the internal and external sphincters are normally ________ except during ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The large intestine delivers ________ to the body's exterior. |
|
Definition
| Indigestible food residues |
|
|
Term
| Goblet cells produce alkaline mucus to do what? |
|
Definition
| To lubricate the passage of feces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Muscularis externa layer that is reduced to 3 bands of muscle |
|
|
Term
| What causes Haustra formation in the digestive tract? |
|
Definition
| The bands of muscle called teniae coli |
|
|
Term
| What parts are known as the Accessory Digestive Organs? |
|
Definition
| The teeth, Salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Masticate, or chew, food into smaller fragments |
|
|
Term
| <> Deciduous teeth (baby/milk teeth) |
|
Definition
| A baby has 20 teeth by age 2; first teeth to appear are the lower central incisors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Replace deciduous teeth between the ages of 6-12; a full set is 32 teeth (with wisdom teeth) |
|
|
Term
| Teeth are divided into classes |
|
Definition
| incisors up front (one central, and one lateral), then canine on the side, the premolars (2 of them the first then second) and lastly the molars (3 known as the first, second, and third) |
|
|
Term
| <> Incisors and canine (eyeteeth) and known for? |
|
Definition
| Cutting tearing or piercing |
|
|
Term
| <> The premolars and molars are used for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The 2 major regions of a tooth are: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Exposed part of the tooth above the gingiva (gum) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Covers the crown for protection |
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Term
|
Definition
| Found deep to the enamel and forms the bulk of the tooth, surrounds the pulp cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Contains connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerve fibers (pulp) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Where the pulp cavity extends into the root |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Covers outer surface and attaches the tooth to the periodontal membrane (ligament) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hold tooth in place in the bony jaw |
|
|
Term
| <> The neck of the tooth is? |
|
Definition
| A connector between the crown and root; It's the region in contact with the gum |
|
|
Term
| How many pairs of Salivary glands are there in the mouth? |
|
Definition
| 3 pairs, the Parotid, Submandibular, and sublingual glands |
|
|
Term
| Both ________ glands empty saliva into the floor of the mouth through small ducts. |
|
Definition
| Submandibular and sublingual |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Mixture of mucus and serous fluids; helps to moisten and bind food together into a mass called a bolus; contains Salivary amylase and Lysozymes and antibodies; Dissolves chemicals so they can be tasted |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| <> Function of Lysozymes and antibodies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Soft, pink triangular gland; Found posterior to the parietal peritoneum (mostly retroperitoneal); Extends across the abdomen from spleen to duodenum |
|
|
Term
| What does the pancreas produce for food absorption and where does it travel to? |
|
Definition
| It produces a wide spectrum of Digestive Enzymes that break down all categories of food. It secretes it into the Duodenum |
|
|
Term
| Alkaline fluid introduced with enzymes does what? |
|
Definition
| Neutralizes acidic chyme coming from the stomach |
|
|
Term
| Hormones produced by the pancreas are? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Largest gland in the body; located on the right side of the body under the diaphragm; Consists of 4 lobes suspended from the diaphragm and abdominal wall by the falciform ligament |
|
|
Term
| What role does the liver play in digestion? |
|
Definition
| It produces bile which is used to emulsify (break down) fats |
|
|
Term
| Bile leaves the liver through the common hepatic duct and enters the __________ through the __________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bile is a yellow-green, watery solution containing what? |
|
Definition
| Bile salts and bile pigments (mostly bilirubin from the breakdown of hemoglobin). They also have Cholesterol, phospholipids and electrolytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Green sac found in a shallow fossa in the inferior surface of the liver |
|
|
Term
| When no digestion is occurring, bile backs up through: |
|
Definition
| The Cystic Duct for storage in the gallbladder. While in there, it concentrates by the removal of water |
|
|
Term
| The gallbladder spurts out the stored bile when ________ |
|
Definition
| Fatty food enters the duodenum |
|
|
Term
| <> Digestion and absorption encompass the overview of ______ |
|
Definition
| The gastrointestinal processes |
|
|
Term
| <> Propulsion process (in GI tract) |
|
Definition
| Movement of foods from one region of the digestive system to another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Alternating waves of contraction and relaxation that squeeze food along the GI tract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Movement of materials back and forth to foster mixing in the small intestine |
|
|
Term
| Examples of mechanical breakdown |
|
Definition
| Mixing of food in the mouth by the tongue, churning of food in the stomach, Segmentation in the small intestine |
|
|
Term
| <> Mechanical Digestion prepares food for _____ |
|
Definition
| Further degradation by enzymes |
|
|
Term
| Digestion happens when enzymes chemically do what? |
|
Definition
| Break down large molecules into their building blocks |
|
|
Term
| <> Carbohydrates are broken down into _____ |
|
Definition
| Monosaccharides (simple sugars) |
|
|
Term
| <> Proteins are broken down into ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| <> Fats are broken down into _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| <> What happens during absorption? |
|
Definition
| End products of digestion are taken into the blood or lymph; Food must enter mucosal cells and then move into blood or lymph capillaries |
|
|
Term
| <> What happens during Defecation? |
|
Definition
| The elimination of indigestible substances from the GI tract in the form of feces |
|
|
Term
| What are the activities occurring in the mouth when food comes in? |
|
Definition
| It is physically broken down by mastication; mixed with saliva, which is released in response to mechanical pressure and psychic stimuli; salivary amylase begins starch digestion; Essentially no food absorption occurs here |
|
|
Term
| What happens in the pharynx when food comes through? |
|
Definition
| Serve as a passageway to the stomach; Swallowing (deglutition) |
|
|
Term
| Buccal phase of swallowing |
|
Definition
| Voluntary, occurs in the mouth, food is formed into a bolus, which is then forced into the pharynx by the tongue |
|
|
Term
| Pharyngeal-esophageal phase |
|
Definition
| Involuntary transport of the bolus by peristalsis; Nasal and respiratory passages are blocked; Peristalsis moves the bolus toward the stomach; then finally, the cardioesophageal sphincter is opened when food presses against it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Appendix literally translated as worm-shaped |
|
|
Term
| <> Gastric juice is regulated by the _________ and the presence of food or rising pH causes the release of the __________ |
|
Definition
| neural and hormonal factors; hormone gastrin |
|
|
Term
| <> Gastrin causes the stomach glands to produce what? |
|
Definition
| Protein-digesting enzymes, mucus, and hydrochloric acid |
|
|
Term
| Hydrochloric acid makes the stomach contents _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acidic pH Activates _______ to _______ for protein digestion. This provides a _____________ for microorganisms. |
|
Definition
| Pepsinogen; pepsin; hostile environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Works on digesting milk protein in infants; not produced in adults |
|
|
Term
| The only items absorbed in the stomach are? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| <> Grinding activities in stomach |
|
Definition
| The pylorus meters out chyme into the small intestine (3ml at a time) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Peristaltic waves close the pyloric sphincter, forcing contents back into the stomach; the stomach empties in 4-6 hours |
|
|
Term
| Intestinal enzymes from the brush border function to |
|
Definition
| Break double sugars into simple sugars; completes some protein digestion |
|
|
Term
| Intestinal enzymes and pancreatic enzymes help to: |
|
Definition
| Complete digestion of all food groups |
|
|
Term
| <> Pancreatic enzymes play the major role in the digestion of ______ |
|
Definition
| Fats, proteins, and carbohydrates |
|
|
Term
| Alkaline content neutralizes acidic chyme and provides what? |
|
Definition
| The proper environment for the pancreatic enzymes to operate |
|
|
Term
| <> The release of pancreatic juice from the pancreas into the duodenum is stimulated by: |
|
Definition
| The vagus nerve and local hormones that travel via the blood to influence the release of pancreatic juice (and bile) (specifically secretin and cholecystokinin or CCK) |
|
|
Term
| Other than being a fat emulsifier, Bile is needed for the absorption of |
|
Definition
| Fat-soluble vitamins (K, D, E, and A) |
|
|
Term
| Most substances are absorbed by: |
|
Definition
| Active transprot through cell membranes |
|
|
Term
| Lipids are absorbed by a process called: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| <> Substances are transported to the liver by the: |
|
Definition
| Hepatic portal vein or lymph |
|
|
Term
| In the large intestine, no digestive enzymes are produced. The resident bacteria digest the remaining nutrients and produces ________ |
|
Definition
| Vitamin K and some B vitamins as well as release some glands |
|
|
Term
| In the large intestine, vitamins, ions, and remaining water are ________ while the remaining materials are _______ via the feces |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Undigested food residues, Mucus, Bacteria, and Water (for moisture) |
|
|
Term
| Haustral contractions are movements occurring most frequently in _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mass movements are slow, powerful movements that occur ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Presence of feces in the rectum causes ______ |
|
Definition
| The defecation reflex; Internal anal sphincter is relaxed, and the voluntary anal sphincter is engaged |
|
|
Term
| Most foods are used as _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| <> Foods are oxidized and transformed into _______ |
|
Definition
| Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP). This is chemical energy that drives cellular activities |
|
|
Term
| <> Energy value of food is measured in _______ |
|
Definition
| Kilocalories (Kcal) or calories (C) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Substance used by the body for growth, maintenance, and repair |
|
|
Term
| What are the major nutrients and minor nutrients? |
|
Definition
Major: Carbohydrates, lipids, Proteins, and water
Minor: Vitamins, and minerals |
|
|
Term
| A diet consisting of foods from the 5 food groups normally guarantees ________ |
|
Definition
| Adequate amounts of all the needed nutrients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| These are sugars and starches, mostly derived from plants such as fruits and vegetables. Exceptions: Lactose from milk and small amounts of glycogens from meats |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Saturated fats from animal products; Unsaturated fats from nuts, seeds and vegetable oils; Cholesterol from egg yolk, meats and milk products (dairy products) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Complete proteins {which contains all essential amino acids}; Most are from animal products (eggs, milk, meat, poultry, and fish). Legumes and beans also have proteins, but the proteins are incomplete |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Those that the body cannot make and must be obtained through diet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mostly function as coenzymes, and found mostly in fruits and vegetables |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mainly important for enzyme activity; Food richest in this are the vegetables, legumes, milk and some meats |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The sum of all of the chemical reactions necessary to maintain life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Substances are broken down to simpler substances; Energy is released and captured to make adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Larger molecules are built from smaller ones |
|
|
Term
| Carbohydrates are the body's ______ |
|
Definition
| Preferred source to produce cellular energy |
|
|
Term
| <> Glucose, or blood sugar, metabolism is _______ |
|
Definition
| Major breakdown product of carbohydrate digestion; fuel used to make ATP |
|
|
Term
| Cellular respiration is the process |
|
Definition
| Of glucose being oxidized, resulting in carbon dioxide, water and ATP formation |
|
|
Term
| <> 3 main metabolic pathways of cellular respiration: Glycolysis |
|
Definition
| Occurs in the cytosol; Energizes a glucose molecule so it can be split into 2 pyruvic acid molecules and yields ATP |
|
|
Term
| <>3 main metabolic pathways of cellular respiration: Citric Acid Cycle |
|
Definition
| Occurs in the mitochondrion; Produces virtually all the carbon dioxide and water resulting from cellular respiration; Yields a small amount of ATP |
|
|
Term
| <> 3 main metabolic pathways of cellular respiration: Electron Transport Chain |
|
Definition
| Hydrogen atoms removed during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are delivered to protein carriers; Hydrogen atoms are split into hydrogen ions and electrons in the mitochondria; Electrons give off energy in a series of steps to enable the production of ATP |
|
|
Term
| To restore normal blood glucose levels, what must occur to balance the body? |
|
Definition
| Glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and fat breakdown |
|
|
Term
| <> What are the benefits of Fat? |
|
Definition
| Insulates the body, protects organs, builds some cell structures (membranes and myelin sheaths), and provides reserve energy |
|
|
Term
| Where is excess dietary fat stored? |
|
Definition
| In the subcutaneous tissue and other fat depots |
|
|
Term
| More fats are oxidized to produce ATP when ______ |
|
Definition
| Carbohydrates are in limited supply |
|
|
Term
| The blood becomes acidic (acidosis or ketoacidosis) when ______. What are the tell-tale signs and how does it show up the most? |
|
Definition
| Excessive fat is broken down; Fruity odor in the breath; Common with No Carb diet, Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus and starvation |
|
|
Term
| <> Which nutrients form the bulk of the cell structure and are the most functional molecules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proteins are carefully conserved by the _______ and amino acids are taken up from blood by the ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Amino acids are oxidized to form ATP mainly when other ___________ are not available. After this, ______ is formed, detoxified by the liver to form urea |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Roles of the liver in the body's metabolism |
|
Definition
| Manufactures bile, detoxifies drugs and alcohol, degrades hormones, produces cholesterol and blood proteins (albumin and clotting proteins) |
|
|
Term
| What organ can regenerate if part of it is damaged or removed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Glycogen formation; Glucose molecules are converted to glycogen and stored in the liver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Glycogen Splitting; Glucose is released from liver after conversion form glycogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Formation of new sugar; Glucose is produced from fats and proteins |
|
|
Term
| What happens when fats and fatty acids are picked up by the liver? |
|
Definition
| Some are oxidized to provide energy for liver cells and the rest are either stored or broken down into simpler compounds and released into the blood |
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Term
| The liver assembles blood proteins from ______ and ______ is the most abundant protein in the blood. |
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Definition
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Term
| To form urea, ammonia is combined with ______ and then flushed from the body. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Cholesterol isn't used to make _____ |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Functions of Cholesterol include |
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Definition
| Structural basis of steroid hormones and vitamin D; Building block of plasma membranes |
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Term
| About ___% of cholesterol is produced in the liver and about ____% comes from diet |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Cholesterol is transported by _________ known as LDLs and HDLs |
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Definition
| Lipoproteins (lipid-protein complexes) |
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Term
| <> Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) |
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Definition
| Transport cholesterol to body cells; Rated "bad lipoproteins" since they can lead to atherosclerosis |
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Term
| <> High density Lipoproteins (HDLs) |
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Definition
| Transport cholesterol from body cells to the liver; Rated "good lipoproteins" since cholesterol is destined for breakdown and elimination |
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Term
| Energy from food is produced during ______ |
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Definition
| Glycolysis, citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain |
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Term
| We lose about ____ % of energy as heat while the rest is stored as _____ or _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Interference with the body's energy balance leads to: |
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Definition
| Obesity or malnutrition (leading to body wasting) |
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Term
| When a person professionally regulates their food intake: |
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Definition
| The body weight and temperature are relatively stable (energy intake and output remain about equal) as well as levels of nutrients, level of hormones, and psychological factors remain minimal |
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Term
| Nutrients yield different _______ |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Carbohydrates and proteins yield ______ of energy per gram of it. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Fats yield _____ of energy per gram |
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Definition
|
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Term
| <> Basic Metabolic rate (BMR) |
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Definition
| Amount of heat produced by the body per unit of time |
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Term
| Average BMR is about ____ to ____ for an average 70-kg (154lb) adult. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Factors that influence BMR |
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Definition
| Surface area, Gender, Age, amount of thyroxine |
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Term
|
Definition
| A small body usually has a higher BMR |
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Term
|
Definition
| Males tend to have higher BMRs |
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Term
|
Definition
| Children and adolescents have higher BMRs |
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Term
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Definition
| This is the most important factor because the higher the level means a higher metabolic rate |
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Term
| <> Total Metabolic rate (TMR) |
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Definition
| Total amount of kilocalories the body must consume to fuel ongoing activities |
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Term
| The TMR increases dramatically with an ______. The TMR must equal calories consumed to maintain _____ |
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Definition
| increase in muscle activity; homeostasis and maintain a constant weight |
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Term
| The activity that warms the body is |
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Definition
| The oxidizing of foods which escapes as heat |
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Term
| The body has a narrow range of homeostatic temperature which must be between _____ and _____ C |
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Definition
| 35.6-37.8° C or 96-100° F |
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Term
| The hypothalamus is also know as the body's _______ |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which mechanisms does the hypothalamus initiate to maintain temperature? |
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Definition
| Heat loss mechanisms involve radiation of heat from skin and evaporation; Heat-promoting mechanisms involve vasoconstriction of skin blood vessels and shivering |
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Term
| Fever (controlled hyperthermia) results from _____ |
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Definition
| infection, cancer, allergic reactions, CNS injuries |
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Term
| If the body thermostat is set too high, body proteins may become _______ and _______ damage may occur |
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Definition
| Denatured, permanent brain |
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Term
| By the 5th week of development |
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Definition
| The alimentary canal (a continuous hollow tube) is developed |
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Term
| Digestive glands develop from the _____ |
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Definition
| Mucosa of the alimentary canal |
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Term
| The developing fetus receives all nutrients through _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| In newborns, _____ must be frequent, because peristalsis is inefficient and _____ is common. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Newborn reflexes include: |
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Definition
| The Rooting reflex which helps the infant find the nipple, and the sucking reflex that helps the infant hold onto the nipple and swallow |
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Term
| Teething begins around ____ |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract; can occur at any time |
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Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation of the appendix; common in adolescents |
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Term
| Metabolism decreases with ____ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Middle-age Digestive Issues include |
|
Definition
| Ulcers, and Gallbladder problems |
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|
Term
| Later middle-age problems include: |
|
Definition
| Obesity, and Diabetes Mellitus |
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Term
| Old age Digestive issues include: |
|
Definition
| Fewer digestive juices, Peristalsis slows, Diverticulosis and gastrointestinal cancers are more common |
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