Term
| light is bent, or refracted, by the |
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Definition
| cornea, aqueous humor, lens, and vitreous humor |
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Term
| 3 Bones (Ossicles) span the cavity |
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Definition
| The malleus (hammer), Incus (anvil), Stapes (stirrup) |
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Term
| 3 layers, or tunics form the wall of the eyeball |
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Definition
| The fibrous layer(outside) or scleral, the vascular layer(middle) or choroid, sensory layer(inner) |
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Term
| 3 types of taste papillae |
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Definition
| Vallate (circumvallate) papillae, Fungiform papillae, and Filiform papillae |
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Term
| Accessory structures of the eyes |
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Definition
| Extrinsic eye muscles, eyelids, conjunctiva, lacrimal apparatus. The cranial nerves that control the eyes are 3, 4 and 6 |
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Term
| Accommodation pupillary reflex |
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Definition
| Viewing close objects causes pupils to constrict |
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Term
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Definition
| The lens the focuses light |
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Term
| Accommodation- the lens must |
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Definition
| change shape to focus on closer objects (less than 20 feet away) |
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Term
| An action potential starts in the cochlear nerve (CN#8) and travels where? |
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Definition
| The impulse goes to the temporal lobe |
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Term
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Definition
| Hair cells are embedded in the otolithic membrane; Otoliths (tiny stones) float in a gel around hair cells; Movement cause otoliths to roll and bend hair cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Watery fluid found between lens and cornea; similar to blood plasma; Helps maintain intraocular pressure; Provides nutrients for the lens and cornea; Reabsorbed into venous blood through the scleral venous sinus, or canal of Sclemm |
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Term
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Definition
| Images are blurry; Results from light focusing as lines, not points, on the retina because of unequal curvatures of the cornea or lens |
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Term
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Definition
| the visible part of the outer ear |
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Term
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Definition
| a stiff, resonant structure in the inner ear's cochlea that's essential for hearing |
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Term
| Binocular vision results and provides what? |
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Definition
| Depth perception (3-dimensional vision) |
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Term
| Bony labyrinth (osseous labyrinth) consists of: |
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Definition
| The cochlea, the vestibule, and the semicircular canals |
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Term
| Bony labyrinths are filled with perilymph |
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Definition
| Membranous labyrinth is suspended in this and contains endolymph |
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Term
| Both smell and taste do what? |
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Definition
| Complement each other and respond to many of the same stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| Little opening between the cornea and the sclera that allows vitreous humor to be reabsorbed into the venous blood |
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Term
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Definition
| The Loss of lens transparency |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulated by chemicals in solution; taste hase 5 types of receptors; Smell can differentiate a wider range of chemicals |
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Term
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Definition
| Sweat glands between the eyelashes |
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Term
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Definition
| A fluid filled, spiral-shaped cavity found in the inner ear that plays a vital role in the sense of hearing and participates in the process of auditory transduction |
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Term
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Definition
| Results when the transmission of sound vibrations through the external and middle ears in hindered |
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Term
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Definition
| Allows for detailed color vision; Densest in the center of the retina |
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Term
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Definition
| 3 types of cones; Each cone type is sensitive to different wavelengths of visible light |
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Term
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Definition
| Membrane that lines the eyelids and eyeball; connects with the transparent cornea; secretes mucus to lubricate the eye and keep it moist |
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Term
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Definition
| Reflexive movement of the eyes medially when we focus on a close object |
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Term
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Definition
| Transparent, central anterior portion; allows for light to pass through; repairs itself really easily; the only human tissue that can be transplanted without fear of rejection |
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Term
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Definition
| Responds to angular or rotational movements of the head; Located in the ampulla of each semicircular canal; tuft of hair cells covered with cupula (gelatinous cap); If the head moves, the cupula drags against the endolymph; Hair cells are stimulated, and the impulse travels the vestibular nerve to the cerebellum |
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Term
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Definition
| Any degree of hearing loss |
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Term
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Definition
| Hearing, and equilibrium (balance) |
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Term
| Electrical signals pass from photoreceptors via: |
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Definition
| A two way neuron chain known as the Bipolar neurons and ganglion cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Eye focuses images correctly on the retina |
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Term
| External acoustic meatus (auditory canal) |
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Definition
| Narrow chamber in the temporal bone; lined with skin and ceruminous (earwax) glands; Ends at the tympanic membrane (eardrum) |
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Term
| External ear is in volved only in: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 6 muscles attach to the outer surface of the eye; produces gross eye movement |
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Term
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Definition
| 70% of all sensory receptors are in the eyes; each eye has over 1 million nerve fibers carrying information to the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| Tarsals glands produce an oil secretion that lubricates the eye; ciliary glands are located between these |
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Term
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Definition
| Meet at the medial and lateral commissure (canthus) |
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Term
| For detection by chemoreceptors chemicals must |
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Definition
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Term
| Fovea centralis on the lateral to the blind spot |
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Definition
| Area of the retina with only cones; Visual acuity (sharpest vision) is here |
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Term
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Definition
| Cleanse, protect, moisten, lubricate the eye |
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Term
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Definition
| Pressure within the eye that increased to dangerous levels and compressed the delicate retina and optic nerve which leads to the graying of vision or blindness |
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Term
| Hair cells of the tectorial membrane are bent when? |
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Definition
| The basilar membrane vibrates against it |
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Term
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Definition
| The Loss of the same side of the visual field in both eyes, which results from damage to the visual cortex on one side only |
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Term
| High pitched sounds disturb the what? |
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Definition
| The short, stiff fibers of the basilar membrane; receptor cells close to the oval window are stimulated |
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Term
| How do tears move across the eye? |
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Definition
| It moves into the lacrimal canaliculi then the lacrimal sac, and into the nasolacrimal duct, which empties into the nasal cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| Fluids that fill the interior of the eye all |
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Term
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Definition
| Near objects are blurry, whereas distant objects are clear; Distant objects are focused behind the retina; Results from an eyeball that is too short or from a "lazy lens"; corrected with a convex len () to move the focal point forward |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Image formed on the retina is: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Elevates the eye and turns it laterally; #3 cranial nerve oculomotor |
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Term
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Definition
| Depresses the eye and turns it medially; #3 cranial nerve oculomotor |
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Term
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Definition
| regulates amount of light entering eye; pigmented layer that gives eye its color; surrounds the pupil and limits light entering |
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Term
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Definition
| Are made of lacrimal glands and ducts |
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Term
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Definition
| Produces lacrimal fluid (tears): situated on lateral end of each eye |
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Term
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Definition
| Flexible, biconvex crystal-like structure; Held in place by a suspensory ligament attached to the ciliary body |
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Term
| Lens Anterior (aqueous) segment |
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Definition
| Anterior to the lens; contains aqueous humor, a clear, watery fluid |
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Term
| Lens Posterior (vitreous) segment |
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Definition
| Posterior to the lens; Contains vitreous humor, a gel-like substance |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| to a point on the retina for optimal vision |
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Term
| Low pitched sound disturbed the what? |
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Definition
| The long, floppy fibers of the basilar membrane; Specific hair cells further along the cochlea are affected |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzyme that destroys bacteria |
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Term
| Maculae: Receptors in the vestibule |
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Definition
| Report on the position of the head; Help us keep our head erect; Send info via the vestibular nerve (division of cranial nerve 8) to the cerebellum of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| Specialized neurons that detect mechanical deformation and convert stimuli into neural impulses |
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Term
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Definition
| Moves the eye medially; #3 cranial nerve oculomotor |
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Term
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Definition
| A system of sacs that more or less follow the shape of the bony labyrinth; is suspended in perilymph |
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Term
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Definition
| Affects the inner ear and causes progressive deafness and perhaps vertigo (sensation of spinning) |
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Term
| Middle ear cavity (tympanic cavity) |
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Definition
| Air-filled, mucosa-lined cavity within the temporal bone; Involved only in sense of hearing; Located between tympanic membrane and oval window and round window |
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Term
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Definition
| Distant objects appear blurry; Light from those objects fails to reach the retina and are focused in front of it; results from an eyeball that is too long; corrected with concave lenses l( to move the focal point further back |
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Term
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Definition
| neurons with long cilia hairs that detect chemicals |
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Term
| Olfactory receptors are located where? |
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Definition
| In the roof of the nasal cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| Instrument used to illuminate the interior of the eyeball and fundus (posterior wall); Can detect diabetes, arteriosclerosis, degeneration of the optic nerve and retina |
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Term
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Definition
| The fibers from the medial side of each eye cross over to the opposite side of the brain |
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Term
| Optic disc (blind spot) is where: |
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Definition
| The optic nerve leaves the eyeball. One cannot perceive images focused on the optic disc |
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Term
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Definition
| Bundles of axons that exit the back of the eye carrying impulses from the retina |
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Term
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Definition
| Axons from the thalamus run to the occipital lobe; synapse with cortical cells, and vision interpretation (seeing) occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| Contains fibers from the lateral side of the eye on the same side and the medial side of the opposite eye; synapse with neurons in the thalamus |
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Term
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Definition
| an infection behind the eardrum that causes inflammation and fluid buildup |
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Term
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Definition
| Vision problems that arise when the lens is too strong |
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Term
| Pathway of vibrations from sound waves move by |
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Definition
| The ossicles from the eardrum to the oval window |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Pharyngotympanic tube (auditory tube) |
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Definition
| Links middle ear cavity with the throat; Equalizes pressure in the middle ear cavity so the eardrum can vibrate |
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Term
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Definition
| bright light causes pupils to constrict |
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Term
| Pressure waves cause vibrations in: |
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Definition
| The basilar membrane in the spiral organ of Corti |
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Term
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Definition
| rounded opening in the iris |
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Term
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Definition
| Reversed from left to right; upside down; Smaller than the object |
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Term
| Retina contains 2 layers. What are they and what do they do? |
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Definition
- Outer pigmented layer absorbs light and prevents it from scattering
- Inner neural layer contains receptor cells (photoreceptors) known as the Rods and the Cones
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Term
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Definition
| Most are found toward the edges of the retina; Allows vision in dim light and peripheral vision; All perception is in gray tones |
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Term
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Definition
| White connective tissue layer; seen anteriorly as the white of the eye |
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Term
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Definition
| Three fluid-filled tubes in the inner ear that help you keep your balance |
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Term
| Sense receptors are located |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Results from damage to the nervous system's structures involved in hearing |
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Term
| Signals leave the retina toward: |
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Definition
| The Brain through the optic nerve |
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Term
| Smelling Impulses are transmitted how? |
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Definition
| Via the olfactory filaments to the olfactory nerve (CN1) |
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Term
| Smells are interpreted where? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Special sense receptors are |
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Definition
| Large, complex sensory organs; localized clusters of receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| Smell, taste, sight, hearing, and equilibrium |
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Term
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Definition
| Located within the cochlear duct; Receptors = hair cells on the basilar membrane; Gel-like tectorial membrane is capable of bending hair cells; Cochlear nerve attached to hair cells transmits nerve impulses to auditory cortex on temporal lobe |
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Term
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Definition
| We use our maculae to report on changes in the position of the head in space with respect to the pull of gravity when the body is not moving. |
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Term
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Definition
| Depresses the eye and turns it laterally; #4 cranial nerve trochlear |
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Term
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Definition
Elevates eye and turns it medially; #3 cranial nerve oculomotor |
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Term
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Definition
| They secrete an oily substance that lubricates the eye |
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Term
| Taste buds house the ______ and are located ______ |
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Definition
| The receptor organs; Most are on the tongue, soft palate, superior part of the pharynx, and the Cheeks |
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Term
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Definition
| Diluted salt solution, mucus, antibodies, lysozyme |
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Term
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Definition
| a gelatinous, ribbon-like sheet of extracellular matrix in the inner ear's cochlea that's thought to play a vital role in stimulating hair cells |
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Term
| The ear is divided into 3 areas which are |
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Definition
| The external, the middle ear, and the internal ear |
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Term
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Definition
| distant vision (over 20 feet away) |
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Term
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Definition
| Moves the eye laterally; #6 cranial nerve (abducens) |
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Term
| The layers of the inner eye are |
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Definition
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Term
| The order of the outer layer to inner from out to in is |
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Definition
| Cornea> aqueous humor> iris> pupil> lens> through the inner vitreous humor> through the optic disc> finally ending at the optic nerve |
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Term
| The tongue is covered with projections called |
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Definition
| Papillae which contain taste buds |
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Term
| There are no photoreceptors in: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Vision problems that arise when the lens is too weak |
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Term
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Definition
| This is a blood rich nutritive layer that contains a pigment (prevents light from scattering); this is modified anteriorly into 2 smooth muscle structures (ciliary bodies and the iris) |
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Term
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Definition
| Equilibrium receptors of the inner ear |
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Term
| Vestibular apparatus has what 2 functional parts? |
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Definition
| Static equilibrium and Dynamic equilibrium |
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Term
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Definition
| the central part of the bony labyrinth in the inner ear, and is situated medial to the eardrum, behind the cochlea, and in front of the three semicircular canals |
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Term
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Definition
| Each eye "sees" a slightly different view; Field of view overlaps for each eye |
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Term
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Definition
| Gel-like substance posterior to the lens; Prevents the eye from collapsing; Helps maintain intraocular pressure |
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Term
| What are the functions of the ear bones? |
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Definition
| Transmit vibrations from tympanic membrane to the fluids of the inner ear; Vibrations travel from the hammer to the anvil to the stirrup to the oval window of inner ear |
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Term
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Definition
| Location where the optic nerve cross; Fibers from the medial side of each eye cross over to the opposite side of the brain |
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