The percentages of fat, bone and muscle in human bodies.

the percentage of the total body mass that is composed of fat.

%BF = (fat mass/body mass) * 100%

Obesity

%BF >38% females

%BF>25% males

34% Americans Obese

34% Americans Overweight (2008)

causally linked with

CAD (coronary artery disease

hypertension

stroke

type 2 diabetes

increased cancer risk

osteoarthritis

degenerative joint disease

abnormal blood lipid profile

menstrual irregularities

male pattern obesity, apple shape - excessive storage of fat in the trunk and abdominal areas.

closely linked with disease/appears to be most dangerous

Excessive fat in the hips and thighs

femaile-pattern obesity, pear shape

can be useful tool differentiating gynoid-type and android-type obesity.

Waist curcumference used to classify excessive trunk fat.

provide energy

help with temperature regulation

cushion joints

women 8-12%

men 3-5%

Chpt 8 

Key Point

prevalence of obesity and overweight is approx 68% in US adults.

Significant health consequences may result

Disease risk more closely related with android-type obesity

Negative outcome with too little body fat too.

BMI - Body Mass Index

Quetelet index

Anthropometric Method

does not differentiate between fat and fat-free weight

divide weight in kilograms by height in meters squared   

Common measures

waist

abdomen

hips

thigh

great than 102cm (40 in) men

great than 88 cm (35 in>) women

increase risk of obesity-related disease

ACSM uses BMI & WC

typically within 3.5% of value measured with underwater weighing.

measured right side of body                

avoid measuring after exercise 

abdomen

triceps

chest

midaxillary

subscapular

supraillac

thigh

Jackson & Pollock for men

Jackson, Pollock & Ward for women

both use age -- subcutaneous fat changes with age.  As a person ages, proportioanlly less fat is stored subcutaneously (below the skin).

Skinfold quick & relatively accurate for estimating %BF.  

Girth - WHR & WC can be useful assessing risk of obesity-diseases

BMI useful classifying in overweight & obese categories.

ratio of its weight to its volume

Density=weight/volume

1. hydrostatic weighing

2. air displacement plethysmography

criterion method - standard against which other methodologies are compared.

submerged in tank of warm water

Bod Pod - body volume estimated while sitting in a sealed chamber.

standard error of estimate 2-4%

Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry

Magnetic Resonance imaging & computed tomography

Accuracy 2.7% - 6.3% standard error

Factors agem gender etc must be taken into account.

BIA pricinciple that electrical currents flow more easily through more hydrated tissues (muscle) than less (fat).

Important in maintaining health

Enhancing athletic performance

develop & maintain muscle mass

at least 2x/week

• compared to standards to identify weaknesses in certain muscle groups or muscle imbalances
• determine baseline
• show clients progress over time as a result of training

• involves movement of the body (ex push-up) or an external load (ex bench press)
• Most common type of strength assessment
• Does not require special equipment
• Exercises typically used bench press, lat pull-down & leg press

Key Point - Chpt 9

• Muscular strength best assessed using resistance requiring maximum resistance with few reps.
• Muscular endurance assessed using lighter loads with greater # of reps
• Ideal application evaluate changes in muscular fitness over time

Repetition Maximum Testing

1RM - 1 - repetition maximum

Safe for most people

Caution when using with older adults, people with cardiac risk, pregnant woment and people with orthopedic concerns.

• test involve 8-12 reps safely
• can be used to identify appropriate weight load
• 10RM weight has shown to be approx 75% of the 1RM weight

• 1. determine heaviest weight client can lift for 10RM
• 2.  Convert the 10RM to 1RM by dividing weight load by 0.75
• 3.  Divide the estimated 1RM by client's body weight to get Strength Ratio

• by year 2030 expect 70.3 million (double from 1990) adults age 65 or older
• Extend active, healthy lifestyles
• reduce physical frailty in later years

• used to assess muscular strength & endurance
• evaluates key physiological parameters (strength, endurance, agility & balance)