Term
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Definition
| 1) The study of the distribution and determinants of a disease within a population. |
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Term
| What are the determinants of epidemiology? |
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Definition
1) Geography
2) Age
3) Sex
4) Social class
5) Martial status
6) Racial group
7) Occupation |
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Term
| What is the epidemiology of human cancer? |
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Definition
| 1) Long latency period between first exposure of carcinogenic agent and appearance of clinically detectable cancer |
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Term
| What is the average age of diagnosis of human cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False: Not many people live to an age where developing cancer becomes high. |
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Definition
| 1) False: MANY people live to an age where developing cancer becomes high |
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Term
| What is the best way to describe cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False: A normal biological process (incessant cell division) is likely to cause a substantial risk of cancer |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False: Risks of certain types of cancer vary minutely across the globe |
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Definition
| 1) False: Risks of certain types of cancer very DRAMATICALLY across the globe |
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Term
| True or False: Geographic location can change the risk of human cancer |
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Definition
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Term
| What cancer is prominent in Osaka with the Japanese? |
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Definition
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Term
| What cancer is prominent in Hawaii with the Japanese? |
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Definition
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Term
| What cancer is prominent in Hawaii with Caucasians? |
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Definition
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Term
| Penile is a disease in Brazil which is 42x greater than in certain areas of what country? |
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Definition
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Term
| Chinese are 49x more likely to get what disease more than what other country? |
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Definition
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Term
| What country faces the highest risk of skin cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
| What country faces the lowest risk of skin cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
| What country faces the highest risk of lip cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
| What country faces the lowest risk of lip cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
| What country faces the highest risk of nasopharynx cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
| What country faces the lowest risk of nasopharynx? |
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Definition
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Term
| What country faces the highest risk of prostate cancer? |
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Definition
| 1) U.S. (African-American) |
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Term
| What country faces the lowest risk of prostate cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
| What country faces the highest risk of liver cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
| What country faces the lowest risk of liver cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
| What country faces the highest risk of penis cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
| What country faces the lowest risk of penis cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
| What country faces the highest risk of stomach cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
| What country faces the lowest risk of stomach cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
| What country faces the highest risk of lung cancer? |
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Definition
| 1) U.S. (Louisiana, African American) |
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Term
| What country faces the lowest risk of lung cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
| What country faces the highest risk of pancreas cancer? |
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Definition
| 1) U.S. (LA, Korean American) |
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Term
| What country faces the lowest risk of pancreas cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
| What country faces the highest risk of ovary cancer? |
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Definition
| 1) New Zealand (Polynesian) |
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Term
| What country faces the lowest risk of ovary cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the area of highest risk of death by lung cancer (male)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the area for lowest risk of death by lung cancer (male)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the area of highest risk of death by esophagus cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the area of lowest risk of death by esophagus cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the area of highest risk of death by colon cancer (male)? |
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Definition
| 1) Australia, New Zealand |
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Term
| What is the area of lowest risk of death by colon cancer (male)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the area of highest risk of death by breast cancer (female)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the area of lowest risk of death by breast cancer (female)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the percentage of the male population that is affected by testicular cancer under the age of 45? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the percentage of the male population that is affected by testicular cancer under the age of 25? |
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Definition
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Term
What percentage of the population that dies from lung cancer die from lung and bronchus cancer?
What percentage die from larynx cancer?
What percentage die from nasal cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
| What percentage of the human population dies from liver, colon, and breast cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
| What cancers frequently cause death to individuals over the age of 65? |
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Definition
1) Colorectal
2) Liver
3) Pancreatic
4) Brain
5) Urinary
6) Bladder
7) Connective, soft tissue sarcomas
8) Breast
9) Prostate |
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Term
| What cancers frequently cause death to individuals under the age of 65? |
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Definition
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Term
| What cancer can cause death at any age? |
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Definition
1) Childhood leukemia
2) Burkitt's and Hodgkin's lymphoma
3) Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
4) Wilm's tumor
5) Retinoblastoma
6) Testicular
7) Uterine cervix
8) Choriocarcinoma
9) Ewing's sarcoma
10) Oral / esophageal
11) Kidney
12) Ovarian |
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Term
| What is the kidney responsible for? |
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Definition
| 1) Primary organ of excretion for many foreign chemicals |
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Term
What percentage of the human population have ovarian cancer localized at the time of diagnosis?
What percentage survive beyond 5 years of having the disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| How often does adenocarcinoma occur? What sex is most affected? |
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Definition
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Term
| How often does squamous carcinoma occur? What sex is most affected (in what ways)? What is the diagnosis at admittance? |
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Definition
1) 35-40%
2) Primarily in men (smoking)
3) Highly metastasized |
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Term
| How often does small cell carcinoma occur? What sex is most affected? What is the diagnosis at admittance? |
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Definition
1) 20-25%
2) Primarily in men
3) Highly metastasized |
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Term
| How often does large cell carcinoma occur? What sex is most affected? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 4 cancers of the respiratory tract? Which are often metastatic at diagnosis, giving patients a poor prognosis and survival rate? |
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Definition
The four cancers are:
1) Adenocarcinoma
2) Squamous carcinoma
3) Small cell carcinoma
4) Large cell carcinoma
The cancers which are often metastatic are:
1) Squamous carcinoma
2) Small cell carcinoma |
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Term
| What is the overall 5 year survival rate for metastatic lung cancer patients? What does the rate become if detected while the cancer is still localized? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 5 cancers of the digestive system? |
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Definition
1) Colorectal
2) Rectal / Stomach
3) Esophageal
4) Pancreatic
5) Liver |
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Term
| Which organ system has the highest incident of malignant neoplasms? |
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Definition
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Term
| What percentage of colorectal cancer are usually malignant? What percentage survive for 5 years if polyps are present? |
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Definition
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Term
| In what ethnic group does the highest incidence of esophageal cancer occur? In what sex is the rate 3x greater? |
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Definition
1) African-Americans
2) Males |
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Term
| What percentage of all cancer deaths can be found in pancreatic cancer? What percentage is more common in men than women? What is the percentage for the 5 year survival rate? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are 3 risk factors for pancreatic cancer? |
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Definition
1) Alcohol
2) Cigarette smoking
3) Sex |
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Term
| Where does the highest frequency of liver cancer occur? Where does the lowest frequency of liver cancer occur? |
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Definition
1) Highest frequency occurs in immigrants from Asian countries (HBV, HCV)
2) Lowest frequency occurs among Caucasians |
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Term
| What is the occurrence of colorectal cancer? What cell type is associated with this cancer? |
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Definition
1) 70-80%
2) Adenocarcinoma |
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Term
| What is the occurrence of esophageal cancer? What cell type is associated with this cancer? |
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Definition
1) 90%
2) Squamous cell carcinoma |
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Term
| What is the occurrence of liver cancer? What cell type is associated with this cancer? |
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Definition
1) 60-70%
2) Hepatocellular carcinoma |
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Term
| What is the occurrence of stomach cancer? What cell type is associated with this cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the occurrence of pancreatic cancer? What cell type is associated with this cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of skin cancer is highly malignant, but less common? |
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Definition
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Term
| What age group contracts skin cancer most frequently? What are the most common risk factors associated with the cancer for that age group? |
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Definition
1) Pronounced in middle-age group
2) Heavy exposure to sunlight and UV damage |
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Term
| What type of melanoma has a high incidence? Why? |
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Definition
1) A high incidence of skin cancer occurs with individuals who have inherited XP
2) XP is characterized by a defect in the NER mechanism; this leads to an inability to repair pyrimidine dimer in p53 which causes the mutation |
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Term
| What type of skin cancer is locally invasive and rarely metastasizes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What skin cancer is most frequent? Is it malignant or benign? What sex does it affect the most? |
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Definition
1) Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) causes most cases of skin cancer
2) Malignant
3) All |
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Term
| What skin cancer is most common in men (later in life)? |
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Definition
| 1) Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) |
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Term
| What is the most detrimental risk factor associated with skin cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
| What cancer results from 20% of all malignant neoplasms in women? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of breast cancer is most common in women? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of breast cancer is second most common in women? |
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Definition
| 1) Medullary carcinomas (spread beyond the milk duct) |
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Term
| What risks are associated with breast cancer? |
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Definition
1) Early menarche
2) Late menopause
3) Nulliparous
4) Delay childbearing to later years
5) BRCA 1 and 2, HER 1 and 2
6) Reduced lactation; breast density
7) Obesity (body weight)
8) Ionizing radiation (prior to menarch) |
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Term
| What are the three main cancers of the female genital organs? |
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Definition
1) Cervix
2) Ovarian
3) Uterine Corpus (endometrium) |
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Term
| 90% of all cervical cancer patients are affected by what carcinoma? |
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Definition
| 1) Squamous cell carcinoma |
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Term
| 30% of all patients that stuffer from cervical cancer are younger than what age at the time of diagnosis? What constitutes a good survival rate for these individuals? |
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Definition
1) 45 years of age
2) Good survival rates if Pap smear detection of CIN |
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Term
| What is cervical cancer associated with? |
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Definition
1) Herpes simplex virus
2) HPV |
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Term
| 90% of all ovarian cancers originate from what cell and from what area? |
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Definition
1) Ovarian adenocarcinomas
2) The epithelial surface of the ovary |
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Term
| What type of cancer cell is most common in uterine corpus cancer? What is the peak age of diagnosis? |
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Definition
1) Adenocarcinomas
2) 58-60 years of age |
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Term
| What are the three main cancers of the male genital organs? |
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Definition
1) Prostatic neoplasias
2) Testes cancer
3) Penis cancer |
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Term
| What cancer of the male genital organs is most common? What is the percentage of individuals affected? |
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Definition
1) Prostatic neoplasias
2) 95% of males are affected |
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Term
| What percentage of prostatic neoplasias are adenocarcinomas? What is the survival rate if the cancer is localized? |
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Definition
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Term
| What age group does prostatic neoplasias primarily affect? What age group are they rarely found in? |
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Definition
1) Men over 70 years of age
2) Men under 55 years of age |
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Term
| What is the most common cancer of the urinary system? What sex is the cancer most prevalent in? |
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Definition
1) Bladder wall
2) Slightly more prevalent in men then women |
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Term
| At what age do most papillary or transitional cell carcinomas (cancer of the urinary system) occur at? |
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Definition
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Term
| What risk factors cause kidney and renal pelvis neoplasias? |
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Definition
Aromatic amines, including:
1) Smoking
2) Infection with schistosomal parasites |
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Term
| What are the 4 cancers of the CNS? |
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Definition
1) Glioblastoma multiforme
2) Medulloblastomas
3) Ependymomas
4) Anaplastic astrocytomas |
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Term
| Medulloblastomas is a cancer which primarily affects what portion of the CNS? |
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Definition
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Term
| Ependymomas is a cancer which primarily affects what portion of the CNS? |
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Definition
| 1) Lining of the spinal cord and brain |
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Term
| What age group does globlastoma multiforme primarily affect? It roughly composes what percentage of CNS tumors? |
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Definition
1) Any age
2) 50% of all invasive tumors |
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Term
| What age group does medulloblastomas primarily affect? |
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Definition
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Term
| What age group does ependymomas primarily affect? |
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Definition
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Term
| What age group does anaplastic astrocytomas primarily affect? |
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Definition
| 1) 40-50 year old patients |
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Term
| Cancer can be caused through _________, _________, and _________ factors. |
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Definition
1) Occupational
2) Medical
3) Social |
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Term
| What are 7 factors that are responsible for causing cancer? |
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Definition
1) Tobacco
2) Diet
3) Reproductive patterns and sexual behavior
4) Drugs and medical procedures
5) Geophysical factors (sunlight)
6) Pollution
7) Occupational (exposure to chemicals) |
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Term
| When is annual mortality for lung cancer expected to peak? |
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Definition
| 1) 4th and 5th decade of the 21st century |
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Term
| What cancers are most common from smoking and inhalation? |
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Definition
| 1) Cancer of the mouth, pharynx, larynx, esophagus |
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Term
| What metaplasia occurs through smoking and inhalation? |
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Definition
| 1) Changes in bronchial mucosa where stratified squamous replaces ciliated columnal in trachea |
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Term
| What occurs in animals that causes colon cancer? |
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Definition
| 1) Bacteriological flora of GI tract converts bile acids to tumor-promoting agents |
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Term
| What is the purpose of fiber? |
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Definition
1) Keeps stool soft and bulky
2) Increases transit of contents through GI tract
3) Decreases concentration of carcinogens in stool
4) Reduces time of exposure of GI mucosa to carcinogens |
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Term
| What is the purpose of canavanine? |
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Definition
1) Can be genotoxic (02 radicals)
2) Has anti-cancer properties in prostate
3) Prevents arginine breakdown (arginine stimulate immune system) |
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Term
| What is the normal function of cytochrome p450?m |
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Definition
| Oxidizes polycyclic hydrocarbons in the cell for excretion |
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Term
| How are heterocyclic amines created? |
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Definition
| 1) Through cooking various foods at high temperature |
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Term
| What are the most potent exogenous mutants? |
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Definition
| 1) Alkylating agents capable of attaching alkyl groups covalently to a DNA base |
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Term
| What occurs in the alkylation of a DNA base? |
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Definition
| 1) Leads to destabilization of covalent bond to deoxyribose and loss of the purine or pyrimidine base from the DNA and misread by DNA polymerase during DNA replication |
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Term
| What is H. Pylori responsible for? |
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Definition
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Term
| Carcinomas of the epithelial lining of the gallbladder are commonly associated with what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What condition is induced by chronic liver inflammation via NF-kB? |
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Definition
| 1) Hepatocellular carcinoma |
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Term
| What occurs with deletion of the mdr (multi-drug resistance) gene in stromal cells? |
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Definition
| 1) Causes chronic liver inflammation which generates dysplastic foci among hepatocytes some of which progress to HCC |
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Term
| What fungal toxin made by mold grows on peanuts and grains improperly stored? |
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Definition
| 1) The fungal toxin aflotoxin B1 |
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