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| human beings, characterized by their ability to think, communicate, and create. They have complex emotions, cultures, and social structures. |
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| specific locations or environments that can be defined by physical, cultural, or social characteristics. They can be natural, like mountains, forests, rivers, or human-made, such as cities, buildings, and parks. Places often carry significance due to their history, community, or personal experiences associated with them. |
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| refer to the surrounding conditions and influences in which living organisms, including humans, exist. |
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| changes in the distribution, size, or demographics of a population over time. These shifts can occur for various reasons and can have significant social, economic, and environmental impacts. |
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| technological advancements |
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| refer to the progress and improvements in technology that enhance tools, systems, processes, and capabilities. These advancements can lead to increased efficiency, productivity, and quality of life. |
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| regulations, laws, and initiatives developed by governments, organizations, or institutions to manage human impacts on the environment and promote sustainability. These policies aim to protect natural resources, mitigate pollution, conserve biodiversity, and address climate change. |
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| agricultural practice that involves creating stepped levels or terraces on sloped land to grow crops. This technique is commonly used in hilly or mountainous regions where traditional farming would be challenging due to erosion and water runoff. |
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| large structures built across rivers or streams to hold back water, creating reservoirs for various purposes. They are critical infrastructure in many regions and can serve multiple functions. |
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| tracts of land that have been reclaimed from a body of water, such as a sea or a river, and are protected by dikes or levees. This land reclamation process involves draining the water from the area, allowing it to be used for agriculture, settlement, or other purposes. |
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| state of the atmosphere at a specific time and place. |
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| long-term patterns of weather in a particular region over an extended period. |
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| measure of how hot or cold the atmosphere is at a given time and place. It indicates the amount of heat energy present in the air and is one of the primary factors that determine weather conditions and climate. |
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| refers to any form of water—liquid or solid—that falls from the atmosphere and reaches the Earth's surface. It is a key component of the water cycle and plays a crucial role in weather and climate patterns. |
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| layer of gases that surrounds the Earth, protecting it from space and providing the conditions necessary for life. |
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| rigid outer layer of the Earth, encompassing the crust and the uppermost part of the mantle. |
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| global sum of all ecosystems and life forms on Earth, including all living organisms (plants, animals, microorganisms) and the environments they inhabit. |
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| encompasses all of Earth's water, in all forms—liquid, solid, and gas—covering oceans, rivers, lakes, groundwater, glaciers, and water vapor in the atmosphere. |
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| forces and processes that cause the movement and deformation of Earth's tectonic plates. These forces drive the dynamics of the lithosphere (Earth’s outer shell) and are responsible for many geological phenomena, such as earthquakes, volcanic activity, mountain formation, and the creation of ocean basins. |
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| process by which soil, rock, and other surface materials are worn away and transported from one location to another by natural forces. |
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| specific area distinguished by certain common characteristics or features. |
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| geographic area defined by specific, uniform characteristics that are clearly delineated and measurable. |
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| geographic area defined by the presence of a particular function or activity that connects various locations within the region. "specific focal point or activity" |
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| geographic area defined by people's perceptions, feelings, and attitudes rather than by clear, objective criteria. |
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| reasons to leave a place ex. not enough jobs or housing. |
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| reasons to go to a new place ex. food supply, good jobs, more housing |
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| the third planet from the Sun in our solar system, characterized by its liquid water, diverse ecosystems, and ability to support life. 23.5 degree axial tilt |
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| The Earth is tilted on its axis by about 23.5 degrees. The axis is an imaginary line that runs from the North Pole to the South Pole. |
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| Rotation refers to the Earth spinning around its axis. It takes about 24 hours for the Earth to complete one full rotation. |
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| Revolution refers to the Earth’s orbit around the Sun. It takes about 365.25 days for the Earth to complete one full revolution. |
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| amount of people born per year |
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| amount of people who die per year |
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| application of scientific knowledge, tools, and techniques to solve problems or accomplish specific tasks. |
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| opening in the Earth's surface where magma, gases, and ash can escape from below. When this material erupts, it can build up into a mountain or hill over time. |
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| shaking of the Earth's surface caused by the sudden release of energy from the Earth's crust. This usually happens because of movements along faults or fractures in the Earth's crust. |
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| climate pattern where warmer-than-average ocean temperatures in the central and eastern Pacific Ocean cause unusual weather changes around the world, such as increased rainfall or droughts. |
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| powerful, rotating storm with strong winds and heavy rain that forms over warm ocean waters. It can cause severe flooding, strong winds, and damage when it makes landfall. |
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| height of a place or object above sea level. |
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| which measures how far north or south a location is from the Equator |
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| large-scale patterns of air movement across the Earth's surface that are driven by atmospheric pressure differences, the rotation of the Earth, and other factors. |
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| continuous, directed movements of seawater that flow through the world’s oceans. |
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| influence local weather patterns by blocking or redirecting wind and moisture. |
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