Shared Flashcard Set

Details

WEST-E Science
Various science terms, etc. needed to pass the WA state elementary WEST-E
24
Education
Graduate
06/05/2012

Additional Education Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

Temperature Conversion

Fahrenheit & Celsius

Definition

F to C = 5/9(F-32)

C to F = (9/5)C + 32

Term
Matter
Definition
Anything that takes up space and has mass
Term
Mass
Definition
measure of the amount of matter in an object.  Two objects of equal mass will balance on a simple scale anywhere (moon, earth, etc).  Will have different weights?
Term
Latent Heat
Definition

Amount of heat req'd to change from one state to the other.

 

Ex.  Water going from liquid to solid(ice cube).

Term
Heat of Fusion
Definition

Opposite of latent heat.  How much heat needed to go from solid to liquid.

 

Ex.  Ice cube to water

Term
Heat of Vaporization
Definition

Amount of heat needed to change from liquid to gaseous state.

 

 

Term
Three ways to transfer heat
Definition

Conduction - heat travels thru heated solid - pan to flame

 

Convection - heat is transported via movement of a heated substance - warm air in the oven

 

Radiation - heat transfer as a result of electromagnetic waves - sun or microwave

Term
Laws of Thermodynamics
Definition

1.  Conservation of energy (not impt)

 

2.  No machine is 100% efficient.  Impossible to construct a machine that absorbs heat from a heat source and performs equal amount of work.  Some heat will ALWAYS be lost to the environment.

Heat can't spontaneously pass from a colder object to a hotter one.  This is because certain events have a preferred directin called the "arrow of time".

 

Entropy - measure of how much energy/heat is available for work.  Only occurs when heat is transferred from hot to cooler objects.  Once done, no more work can be extracted, tho energy is still being conserved.

Term
Three types of waves
Definition

Mechanical (sound) - caused by vibrations/air molecules that move parallel/back and forth to direction of wave.  Measured in hertz (1/sec), are longitudinal.

 

Water - Caused by ships, earthquakes, but most often wind. 

 

Light - caused by vibrating electric and magnetic fields (visible light, radio waves, x ray, microwaves, gamma rays, radar), travels thru a vacuum (and so are not mechanical), are perpendicular to each other.

Term
Element
Definition

A substance that cannot be broken down into other substances

 

109 total (89 natural, 20 synthetic)

Term
Atom
Definition

Smallest particle of an element that retains the properties of that element.  All atoms of a particular element are the same.

 

Nucleus = center

positive particles inside nucleus = protons

# of protons in nucleus of a particular element= atomic number

 

Term
Molecule
Definition
Smallest particle of a substance that can exist independently and still have all of the properties of that substance.  Ex.  Oxygen (O2 - bc they are joined together in pairs in nature).  Most are made up of one atom.
Term
Compound
Definition

Made of 2+ elements that have been chemically combined.  Atoms join together when elelments are chemically combined, resulting in a loss of their individual identities as the compound they've become ~has different properties.

~made up of one kind of particle

~formed during chemical change

~broken down only by chemical changes

~properties are different from their parts

~has a specific amount of each ingredient

 

Classic compounds include:  acids, bases, salts, oxides

Term
Chemical Formula
Definition

Shorthand way of showing what is in a compound thru symbols and subscripts.

 

 

Letter = elements

Number subscript = how many atoms of each element are involved (if none shown, assume 1)

Term
Mixture
Definition

any combo of 2+ substances in which the substances ~keep their own properties

~not formed by chemical change

~can be separated by physical changes

~properties are same as their parts

~no definite amount of each ingredient

 

ex.  fruit salad, ice cream sundae

 

 

Term
Chemical Reactions
Definition

interactions of substances that result in chemical changes/changes in energy

 

 

Term
Nuclear/atomic Reactions
Definition

reactions that change the composition, energy, or structure of atomic nuclei.  Nuclear reactions change the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.  Two main types include:

 

fission - splitting of nuclei, exothermic (releases heat energy)

fusion - joining of nuclei

Term
Dynamics
Definition
Study of relationship btwn motion and the forces affecting motion, caused by force
Term
Scientific Process
Definition

1.  Pose a question - "how" or "why" normally

2.  Form a hypothesis

3.  Do the test

4.  Observe/collect data

5.  Draw a conclusion

6.  Graph data

7.  Lab report (title, abstract, purpose, hypothesis, control, observation, results)

8.  Present!

Term
Beginning of Science
Definition

~Began with agricultural revolution 10k years ago

~Pythagoras' theorem (490 BC) recorded on Mesopotamian cuneiform tablets in 1800 BC

~Greeks - bouyancy and approximate radius of Earth

~Indians - math and astronomy 5th-15th centuries AD

~China - compasses, movable-type printing, star atlases, cast iron, iron plough, wheelbarrow, suspension bridge, solid fuel rocket, etc.

~Scientific Method - Arab Empire/Muslims in Middle Ages (advocated for experiments, observations, measurements)

~Science in the West began w/ universities in 12th century

Term
Hypothesis vs Theory vs Law
Definition

A hypothesis is an educated guess, based on observation

 

A scientific theory summarizes a hypothesis or group of hypotheses that have been supported with repeated testing.

 

A law generalizes a body of observations.

Term
Sequence of Organism make-up
Definition
organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
Term
Connecting Bones + Muscles
Definition

Tendon - connects muscle to bone/muscle

Joint-where bones connect

Ligament - connects bone to bone to form a joint

Term
Taxonomy/Science Classification
Definition
Kindom, phylum, subphylum, class, order, family, genus, species
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