Term
| What is the term calculus from? |
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Definition
| derived from Latin meaning pebble or stone |
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Term
| What is calculus commonly refereed to as by patients? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is calculus mineralized by? |
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Definition
| mineralized by calcium and phosphate salts within the saliva |
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Term
| How does calculus effect plaque? |
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Definition
| calculus is responsible for attachment and retention of plaque bacteria, it alone is not really bad it just traps plaque on it and makes it hard to get off |
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Term
| What are 4 types of crystal found in the mouth? |
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Definition
1.hydroxyapatite
2.brushite
3.whitlockite
4.octocalcium phosphate |
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Term
| How much percent mineralized is subgingival calculus? |
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Definition
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Term
| How much percent mineralized is supragingival calculus? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which type of calculus is harder and closly adapted to the tooth? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some things that people do/have that tend to increase their calculus build-up? |
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Definition
1.smoking
2.asthma
3.cyctic fibrosis |
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Term
| What are some types of medications that reduce the production of calculus? |
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Definition
1.beta blockers
2.anticholineragic |
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Term
| How do higher levels of calcium and phosphous effect calculus levels? |
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Definition
| they increase calculus formation |
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Term
| How does pH effect calculus formation? |
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Definition
| increased pH causes calculus |
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Term
| What is the relationship between pH, caries, and calculus? |
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Definition
| increased pH causes calculus, decreased pH causes caries |
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Term
| How do the levels of parotid pyrophophate effect calculus formation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the average time for calculus formation? When does mineralization begin? |
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Definition
| average time is 12 days for formation, mineralization can begin as early as 24-48 hours |
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Term
| How does calculus begin? Where does it eventually go? |
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Definition
| begins within intercellular plaque matrix but eventually within cells |
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Term
| What are three ways that calculus can attach to a tooth? |
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Definition
1.pellicle
2.irregularities in tooth surface-mechanical
3.direct contact between calcified intercellular matrix and the inorganic crystals of the tooth surface |
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Term
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Definition
| glycoproteins that coat teeth from saliva that allow for attachment of plaque or calculus |
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Term
| What are two classifications in terms of where plaque is located? |
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Definition
1.supragingivival
2.subgingivial |
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Term
| Where is supragingivial calculus found? |
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Definition
| coronal to the free gingivial margin |
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Term
| Where/which tooth surfaces is supragingivial calculus commonly found? (5) |
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Definition
1.lingual of mandibular anteriors(near whartons duct)
2.facial of maxillary molars opposite of stensons duct
3.crowns of teeth not in occlusion
4.neglected teeth
5.dentures and partials |
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Term
| What are two other names for supragingivial calculus? |
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Definition
1.coronal-on crown
2.salivary calculus |
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Term
| How can you spot coronal calculus? |
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Definition
| use air to fir it, it looks chalky and white, but you could mistake precaries(demineralization) so consult a instructor before you begin scaling |
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Term
| What are two ways to detect supragingivial calculus? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is supgingivial calculus found? |
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Definition
| below the free gingivial margin, proximal surfaces, root surfaces |
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Term
| What are some forms of detection of subgingivial calculus? |
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Definition
1.air to deflect margin
2.trasnillumination
3.probing(you feel roughness)
4.explorer |
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Term
| What are two other names for subgingivial calculus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 5 forms of calculus? |
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Definition
1.tenacious dark calculus
2.granular
3.veneers or sheets
4.spurs
5.rings |
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Term
| What is tenacious dark calculus? |
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Definition
| when calculus absorbs blood products, resulting in it looking red or dark |
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Term
| What is granular calculus? |
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Definition
| feels like grains of sand, a type that is pretty easy to get off |
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Term
| What is calculus that is in veneers or sheets like? |
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Definition
| a flat sheet, hard to remove, this is usually found supragingival |
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Term
| What are spurs of calculus? |
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Definition
| they are clumps of calculus that stick out, pretty easy to remove |
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Term
| What are rings of calculus? |
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Definition
| calculus that circles around the whole tooth, usually seen around supragingivally around the gum-line |
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Term
| Calculus in what area is hardest to detect and why? |
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Definition
| calculus close to the cementum because it is often hardly distinguishable from the tooth surface microscopically because of its solid structure and interlocking with the cementum |
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Term
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Definition
| discoloration on or within tooth surface |
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Term
| What are the two classifications of stains? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do endogenous stains originate from? Where are they located? |
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Definition
| originate from tooth development, incorporated into the structure of the tooth, internal to the hard tissue- INTRINSIC |
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Term
| Can endogenous stains be removed? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do exogenous stains originate from? What are some things that cause them? |
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Definition
| originate from external sources, chromogenic(producing color) bacteria, foods, or chemicals cause them |
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Term
| Are exogenous stains intrinsic or extrinsic? |
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Definition
| can be either, they all start as extrinsic but CAN(but not always) become intrinsic because it can seep into the tooth structure |
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Term
| What tissue is intrinsic in? Extrinsic? |
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Definition
intrinsic-internal to the hard tissue, can be endogenous or endogenous
entrinsic- external to the hard tissue, can be removed, can just be exogenous |
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Term
| what is amelogenesis imperfecta? |
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Definition
genetic disorder of enamel formation
ex: hypoplasia or staining |
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Term
| What is dentinogenesis imperfecta? What does this look like? |
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Definition
| genetic disturbances during dentin formation, grey tinge to the teeth |
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Term
| What is dentin dysplasic? |
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Definition
| genetic dominant trait affecting dentin |
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Term
| What is congenital porphyria? |
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Definition
| genetic disorder of hemoglobin |
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Term
| What is RH incompatibility? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an example of drug induced endogenous? |
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Definition
| exposure to tetracycline between 5th month of fetal life and age 8 |
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Term
| What does an exposure to tetracycline(5 months urero-8 years old) look like? What happens? |
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Definition
patient will have an affinity for calcifying tissue, it is incorporated in dentin
visible in anteriors due to thin enamel, looks yellow/grey/brown |
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Term
| What will excess fluoride ingestion cause? What does it look like? |
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Definition
| mottled discoloration of enamel, the more you are exposed to the worse the staining, looks chalky opaque to brown or black |
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Term
| What is endogenous enamel hypoplasia? |
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Definition
| incomplete of underdevelopment of enamel |
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Term
| What can enamel hypoplasia be caused by? (3) |
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Definition
1.febrile illness(chicken pox, scarlet fever, measles, vitamin A, C, o D deficiency)
2.local infections
3.trauma during tooth maturation |
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Term
| What are some examples of environmental induced endogenous stains? |
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Definition
1.incipit caries(white chalky)
2.active caries/remineralized(brown to black)
3.pulpal necrosis(yellow/black)
4.internal resorption("pink tooth") |
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Term
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Definition
| internal resorption, endogenous environmental |
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Term
| What are some intrinsic(endogenous) stains? |
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Definition
1.brownish/grey/red/black
2.yellowish brown
3.white opaque to brown
4.grayish/brown
5.grey |
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Term
| What are brownish/grey/red/black intrinsic(endogenous) stains caused from? |
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Definition
| occur when the tooth is no longer vital |
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Term
| What are yellowish brown intrinsic(endogenous) stains caused from? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are white opaque to brown intrinsic(endogenous) stains caused from? |
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Definition
| ingestion of excess fluoride, (fluorisis, generalized), decalcification(generalized) |
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Term
| what are grayish brown intrinsic(endogenous) stains caused from? |
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Definition
| ingestion of antibiotic tetracycline during calcification of developing teeth |
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Term
| What are grey intrinsic(endogenous) stains caused from? |
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Definition
| amalgam staining from pigments of restorative material seeping into dentinal tubules |
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Term
| What do some entrinsic(exogenous) stains look like? |
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Definition
1.brown
2.leathery light to dark brown
3.black line |
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Term
| What are brown entrinsic(exogenous) stains caused from? |
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Definition
| tobacco, coffee, tea, red wine, cola, betel leaf or nut |
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Term
| What are leathery light to dark brown entrinsic(exogenous) stains caused from? Where are these stains usually found? |
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Definition
| smoking tobacco, usually found on the lingual and surfaces most exposed to tar products(cervical and middle third) |
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Term
| What are black line entrinsic(exogenous)stains caused from? What do they look like? |
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Definition
-continuous, found on facial and lingual margins
-no thickness, usually about 1 mm wide
-associated with gram positive rod of actinomyces species |
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Term
| Are black line entrinsic (exogenous)stains caused from poor oral hygiene? |
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Definition
| no, it is associated with gram &rods seen in healthy mouths |
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Term
| What are some other types of exteinsic stains? |
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Definition
1.green
2.yellow
3.yellow/brown
4.varying color
5.brown |
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Term
| What are green extrinsic stains caused by? Where are these commonly seen? |
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Definition
chromogenic bacteria and fungi, decomposed hemoglobin and inorganic elements
-commonly seen in children on gingival half of facial surface of anterior teeth |
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Term
| What are yellow extrinsic stains usually caused by? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are yellow/brown extrinsic stains uaully caused by? Where are these usually found? |
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Definition
-chlohexidine stain
-found on proximal surfaces, on restorations, and on the tongue |
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Term
| What are varying color extrinsic stains caused by? |
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Definition
metallic stain due to industrial dust or ingestion of food
-blue/green(copper or brass)
-brown(iron) |
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Term
| What is the number 1 and 2 chief complaints of patients? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some reasons why knowing about stains is important?(3) |
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Definition
1.rough surface resulting in plaque retention sites
2.identification of stain by source and location
3.determination if stain can be removed by polishing or is intrinsic and could be removed by tooth bleaching |
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Term
| How can intrinsic stains be removed? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is halitosis? What is it caused by? |
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Definition
| bad breath caused by production of volatile sulfur compounds |
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Term
| What are some oral risk factors that could cause halitosis? |
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Definition
1.periodontal disease
2.mouth infections
3.inadequate oral hygiene
4.xerostomia
5.caries
6.retained food particles
7.tongue coating |
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Term
| What are some nonoral risk factors that could cause halitosis? |
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Definition
-aging
-alcohol and tobacco use
-strong foods
-upper respiratory/GI problems |
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Term
| Increased pH in the mouth causes what? Decreased pH causes what? |
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Definition
| increased pH causes calculus buildup, decreased pH causes caries |
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