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Week 9
Arguments & Goal Setting and Motivation in Groups
27
Communication
Undergraduate 3
12/09/2013

Additional Communication Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
How does group argument differ from interpersonal argument?
Definition
  • Interpersonal arguments involve conflict and usually aren't constructive, while
  • Argument in groups:
    • Promotes understanding
    • Promotes critical thinking
    • Enhances Persuasion
    • Avoids Groupthink
    • Improves Group Decision Making
Term
Inhibitive Argument
Definition
An argument that restrains or inhibits productive communication.
Term
Facilitative Argument
Definition
Arguments that occur in an attempt to make group processes easier.
Term
How are minority and majority opinions important to group decision making?
Definition
  • Majority Opinion - Opinion held by the majority of the group.
  • Minority Opinion - Opinions not accepted by the majority.
Term
Difference between Argument and Argumentation
Definition
  • Argument - A claim supported by evidence or reasons for accepting it.
  • Argumentation - The way in which group members advocate their own positiions, examine competing ideas, and influence other members.
Term
Why are arguments critical to promoting effective group processes?
Definition
Arguments help groups with their ability to advance and evaluate different ideas, information, and opinions.
Term
What is Argumentativeness?
Definition
The willingness to argue controversial issues with others.
Term
6 Guidelines for rerefuting arguments
Definition
  • Listen to the argument
  • State the claim you oppose
  • Give an overview of your objections
  • Assess the evidence
  • Assess the reasoning
  • Summarize your refutation
Term
Guidelines for engaging in ethical arguments
Definition
  • Research responsibility
    • Do not distort information
    • Do not suppress important information
    • Never fabricate or make up information
    • Reveal the sources of information so that others can evaluate them
  • Common good responsibility
    • Consider the interests of those affected by the decision
    • Promote the group's goal as more important than winning an argument
  • Reasoning responsibility
    • Do not misrepresent the views of others
    • Use sound reasoning supported by evidence
    • Avoid making arguments containing fallacies
  • Social code responsibility
    • Treat other group members as equals
    • Give everyone, including those who disagree, the opportunity to respond to an argument
    • Do not insult or attack the character of a group member
    • Give the group an opportunity to review the evidence
    • Respect established group norms
Term
What is Cooperative Argumentation?
Definition

A process of reasoned interaction... intended to help participants and audiences make the best assessments or the best decisions in any given situation.

 

Cooperative arguers focus on the group's shared goal of solving a problem or making the best decision.

Term

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

 

Concepts

Definition
  • Satisfiers - Most basic needs: Physiological and safety needs.
  • Motivators - Higher-level needs: Belongingness needs is obvious.  Can also motivate group members by satisfying their esteem needs.
Term

Schutz's Theory of

 

Interpersonal Needs

Definition

This theory does more than explain why members participate in groups.  It also provides some of the toold needed to motivate individual group members.

 

  • 3 interpersonal needs that affect why we work in groups:
    • Need for inclusion
    • Need for control
    • Need for affection 
Term

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

 

List of Needs

Definition

Esteem Needs

 

Belongingness Needs

 

Safety Needs

 

Physiological Needs

Term
Expectancy Value Theory
Definition

Probability of motivated behavior depends on the value of the goal to the individual and the expectation of obtaining the goal.

 

  • Claims that motivation is a function of 3 perceptions:
    • Expectancy - Probability that the effort will produce a desired outcome.
    • Instrumentality - Whether achieving a desired result will result in a reward or benefit.
    • Valence - The value you place on the reward. 
Term

How to motivate both Extroverts & Introverts

 

Motivating different personality types

Definition
Motivate by providing all group members with meeting agendas well in advance.
Term

Why do Introverts need to be provided with meeting agendas well in advance?

 

Motivating different personality types

Definition
Introverts need the time to prepare materials and develop their thoughts in advance.
Term

Why do Extroverts need to be provided with meeting agendas well in advance?

 

Motivating different personality types

Definition
Extroverts may need time to collect information that supports their already formed ideas.
Term

Why does motivating sensors require respect?

 

Motivating different personality types

Definition
Sensors will remain motivated if they are allowed to share information and observations.
Term

Why does motivating intuitives require respect?

 

Motivating different personality types

Definition
Intuitives will remain motivated if their creative and big-picture ideas are given serious consideration by other group members.
Term

How to handle Sensors and Intuitives during discussion

 

Motivating different personality types

Definition
  • Give sensors uninterrupted time to share relevant information.

 

  • Then, let the intuitives "loose" to use that information as a springboard for new ideas or innovative solutions. 
Term

What does it mean to say motivating thinkers requires a balance between task and social dimensions?

 

Motivating different personality types

Definition
Thinkers should be thanked for their analyses, but also reminded that logical decisions affect real people.
Term

What does it mean to say motivating feelers requires a balance between task and social dimensions?

 

Motivating different personality types

Definition
Feelers should be given time to discuss personal perspectives, but also reminded that disagreements can help a group reach good, people-focused decisions.
Term

Why does motivating Judgers require patience, skill, and balance?

 

Motivating different personality types

Definition
  • Judgers may see perceivers as flaky and undisciplined.

 

    • You can motivate judgers by assuring them that a decision will be made and will include a detailed implementation plan.
 
Term

Why does motivating Perceivers requre patience, skill, and balance?

 

Motivating different personality types

Definition
  • Perceivers may see their judging colleagues as rigid and intolerant.

 

  •  You can motivate perceivers by assuring them that they will be given opportunities to reconsider decisions and make midcourse adjustments if needed.
Term
What are Extrinsic Rewards?
Definition

Extrinsic rewards come from the "external environment in which we live."

 

They include both the money we earn and the benefits and perks that come with the job.

Term
What are Intrinsic Rewards?
Definition

An Intrinsic Reward is "anything that is satisfying and energizing in itself."

 

i.e. Completing a challenging project that encouraged personal growth can provide intrinsic rewards.

Term

Generally speaking, which type of reward is more motivating?

 

Extrinsic Rewards

or

Intrinsic Rewards

Definition

In most groups, intrinsic rewards have more power than do extrinsic rewards.

 

Extrinsic rewards do not motivate groups to work together in pursuit of a shared goal.  They do not appeal to members' passions, nor do they demand much of members; collective intelligence and expertise.

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