Term
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Definition
| bulging fibrous ring consisting of concentric lamellae of fibrocartilage forming the circumference of the IV disc |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| anterior longitudinal ligament |
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Definition
| covers and connects the anterolateral aspects of the vertebral bodies and IV discs. It extends longitudinally from the sacrum to C1 and occipital bone. limits extension |
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Term
| posterior longitudinal ligament |
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Definition
| narrower and weaker than ALL; Runs along the vertebral canal along the posterior aspect of the vertebral bodies. Weakly resists hyperflexion |
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Term
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Definition
| to the right or left in a frontal plane |
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Term
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Definition
| Opposite of lateral flexion; return from right or left to center in a frontal plane |
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Term
| The four curvatures of the adult vertebral column |
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Definition
| cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral |
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Term
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Definition
| thoracic and sacral kyphoses |
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Term
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Definition
| cervical and lumbar lordosis |
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Term
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Definition
| convex(concave anteriorly) |
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Term
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Definition
| concave (concave posteriorly) |
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Term
| What happens when discs age? |
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Definition
| IV discs become stiffer and more resistant to deformation. They also increase in size. |
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Term
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Definition
| Protrusion of the gelatinous nucleuspulposus into or thorugh the anulus fibrosus. |
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Term
| compression fracture of a vertebral body |
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Definition
| can occur after forceful flexion. |
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Term
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Definition
| can cause "facet jumping" or locking of the cervical vertebrae because of dislocation of the vertebral arches. |
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Term
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Definition
| fracture of the column of bones connecting the superior and inferior articular processes |
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Term
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Definition
| dislocation bewteen adjacent vertebrae |
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Term
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Definition
| major reflex center and conduction pahtway between the body and brain |
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Term
| what is the inferior vertebral level of spinal cord in adults and newborns |
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Definition
| adult L1/L2; newborns L4/L5 |
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Term
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Definition
| the inferior end of the spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| a portion of the spinal cord that gives rise to the rootlets and roots that ultimately form one bilateral pair of spinal nerves |
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Term
| types of spinal nerve roots and how to distinguish them |
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Definition
| dorsal and ventral. they are separated by the denticulate ligament. |
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Term
| components of spinal nerve |
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Definition
| formed in the intervertebral foramen by the ventral and dorsal spinal nerve roots |
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Term
| Number of cervical nerves |
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Definition
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Term
| Level of exit of cervical nerves from vertebral column |
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Definition
| Nerve C1 passes superior to arch of vertebra C1. C2-C7 pass superior to corresponding vertebrae. C8 passes between C7 and T1 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Level of exit of thoracic nerves from vertebral column |
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Definition
| T1-T12 pass through IV foramina inferior to corresponding vertebrae |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| level of exit of lumbar nerves from vertebral column |
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Definition
| L1-L5 pass inferior to the corresponding vertebrae |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Level of exit of sacral nerves from vertebral column |
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Definition
| S1-S4 branch into anterior and posterior rami within the sacrum, with the respective rami passing through the anterior and posterior sacral foramina. S5 passes through the sacral hiatus |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| level of exit of coccygeal nerve from vertebral column |
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Definition
| Co1 passes through the sacral hiatus |
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Term
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Definition
| enlargement of the subarachnoid space between the conus medullaris of spinal cord (about vertebral level L2) and inferior end of subarachnoid space and dura mater (about vertebral level S2); occupied by the posterior and anterior roots constituting the cauda equina, the terminal filum, and cerebrospinal fluid; site for lumbar puncture and spinal anesthesia |
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Term
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Definition
| the bundle of spinal nerve roots arising from the lumbosacral enlargement and medullary cone and running through the lumbar cistern (subarachnoid space) within the vertebral canal below the first lumbar vertebra; it comprises the roots of all the lumbar, sacral and coccygeal nerve roots. resembles a horse's tail |
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Term
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Definition
| anchor for the inferior end of the spinal column and spinal meninges, extending from the extremity of the conus medullaris to the inner aspect of the spinal dural sac |
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Term
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Definition
| outermost covering membrane of the spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| outermost covering membrane of the spinal cord |
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Term
| components of the spinal meninges |
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Definition
| dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater |
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Term
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Definition
| membrane that lines the spinal dural sac and its dural root sheaths. Encloses the subarachnoid space, which contains CSF, spinal cord, spinal nerve roots, and spinal ganglia. It is in between the dura mater and the pia mater |
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Term
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Definition
| innermost covering membrane of the spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| space between the dura mater and the walls of the vertebral canal and contains venous plexus embedded in a fatty matrix |
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Term
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Definition
| fat found in the epidural space |
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Term
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Definition
| long tubular sheath within the vertebral canal. It is the continuation of the dura mater inferior to termination of the spinal cord. |
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Term
| Compression of the lumbar spinal nerve roots |
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Definition
| Lumbar spinal nerves increase in size from superior to inferior while IV foramina decrease in diameter. This increases the chance that nerve roots will be compressed if osteophytes (bone spurs) develop or herniation of an IV disc occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| radiopaque contrast procedure that allows visualization of the spinal cord and spinal nerve roots. CSF replaced with contrast material injected into spinal subarachnoid space |
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Term
|
Definition
| withdrawal of CSF from the lumbar cistern; important diagnostic tool for evaluating CNS disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| anesthetic agent injected into the subarachnoid space |
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Term
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Definition
| anesthetic agent injected into the extradural (epidural) space |
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Term
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Definition
| group of lumbar and joint abnormalities that cause localized pain and stiffness |
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Term
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Definition
| group of lumbar and joint abnormalities that cause localized pain and stiffness |
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Term
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Definition
| increase in diameter of spinal cord due to innervation of the muscles and skin of the upper extremity |
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Term
| lumbosacral (lumbar) enlargement |
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Definition
| increase of spinal cord diameter due to innervation of muscles and skin of lower extremity |
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Term
| Location of conus medullaris (medullary cone) |
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Definition
| vertebral levels L1 and L2 |
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Term
| definition of ventral and dorsal |
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Definition
| ventral = anterior; dorsal = posterior |
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Term
| Complete transection of the spinal cord |
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Definition
| complex vertebral body fracture cuts off spinal cord. superior vertebral body protudes anteriorly |
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Term
| herniated lumbar disc with nerve compression |
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Definition
| Herniated disc compresses/impinges nearby nerves. there is loss (effacement) of nearby epidural fat |
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Term
| effacement of epidural fat |
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Definition
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Term
| metastatic spinal cord compression |
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Definition
| spinal cord is compressed by a mass |
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Term
| In proton density, why are IV discs white? |
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Definition
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Term
| In proton density, what does a black IV disc indicate? |
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Definition
| Dessicated (dehydrated) IV disc and indicates degenerative disc disease |
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Term
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Definition
| membrane of the dura mater that surrounds the spinal cord and cauda equina |
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Term
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Definition
| an x-ray study of the spinal canal and the nerve roots. A needle is placed in the lower back and an x-ray contrast or dye is injected through the needle into the CSF so the areas being studied can be seen more easily. |
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Term
| what is a compression fracture secondary to osteoporosis? |
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Definition
| Osteoporotic compression fractures usually involve the anterior and superior aspects of the vertebral body (white arrows) sparing the posterior aspect. This produces a wedge-shaped deformity that leads to accentuation of the kyphosis in the thoracic spine |
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Term
| How to spot a spondylolysis |
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Definition
| Break in a collar of the "scotty dog" |
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Term
| fracture of the pars interarticularis |
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Definition
| when the pars interarticularis is broken |
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Term
| bilateral pars interarticularis defects |
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Definition
| break in both pars interarticularis of a vertebra |
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Term
| What do a bilateral pars interartcularis defects cause? |
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Definition
| forward slippage of the vertebral body |
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Term
| spondylolisthesis secondary to pars defect |
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Definition
| forward slippage of vertebral body due to fracture of the pars interarticularis |
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Term
| degenerative spondylolisthesis |
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Definition
| forward slippage of vertebral bodies due to degeneration of IV discs. main sign is joint effusion in a facet joint. There is no break in the pars interarticularis |
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Term
| spondolytic spondylolisthesis |
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Definition
| forward slipping of the vertebral body due to breakage of the pars interarticularis. Also see osteophytes (bone spurs) at the corners of vertebral bodies. |
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