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| (in which the possessed person was seen as a victim) gave way to a belief in witchcraft, and mentally ill persons were most likely called witches and put to death. |
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| Frequently occurring behavior would be considered normal, and behavior that is rare would be |
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| Inability to function normally Thinking or behavior that does not allow a person to fit into society or function normally can also be labeled |
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| Abnormal thinking or behavior that includes at least two of these five criteria |
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Definition
1. Is the thinking or behavior unusual, such as experiencing severe panic when faced with a stranger or being severely depressed in the absence of any stressful life situations?
2. Does the thinking or behavior go against social norms? (And keep in mind that social norms change over time—e.g., homosexuality was once considered a psychological disorder rather than a variation in sexual orientation.)
3. Does the behavior or psychological function cause the person significant subjective discomfort?
4. Is the thought process or behavior maladaptive, or does it result in an inability to function?
5. Does the thought process or behavior cause the person to be dangerous to self or others, as in the case of someone who tries to commit suicide or who attacks other people without reason? |
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| which is defined as any pattern of behavior or psychological functioning that causes people significant distress, causes them to harm themselves or others, or harms their ability to function in daily life. |
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| proposes that psychological disorders have a biological or medical cause (Gamwell & Tomes, 1995). |
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| ey are not the only ways or even the first ways in which disorders are explained. |
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| tHe socIoculturAl PersPectIVe |
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| What’s normal in one culture may be abnormal in another culture |
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| BIoPsycHosocIAl PersPectIVe: |
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| All of tHe ABoVe In recent years, the biological, psychological, and sociocultural influences on abnormality are no longer seen as independent causes |
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| the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM |
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| about 250 different psychological disorders |
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| percent of American adults over age 18 suffer from a mental disorder |
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| The five anxiety disorders |
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| phobias, panic attacks, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, and PTSD. |
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| Researchers have found that women have almost twice the risk of developing PTSD than do men and that the likelihood increases if the traumatic experience took place before |
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| an irrational, persistent fear of something. The “something” might be an object or a situation or may involve social interactions. |
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| a sudden onset of extreme panic with various physical symptoms: racing heart, rapid breathing, a sensation of being “out of one’s body,” dulled hearing and vision, sweating, and dry mouth |
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| major depression and bi-polar |
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Definition
| two major mood conditions |
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| Two trauma- and stressor-related disorders |
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| acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder—are related to exposure to significant and traumatic stressors. |
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| When the symptoms associated with ASD last for more than 1 month |
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| generalized anxiety disorder |
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Definition
| excessive anxiety and worries (apprehensive expectations) occur more days than not for at least 6 months |
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| obsessive-compulsive disorder, or OCD |
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Definition
| a disorder in which intruding* thoughts that occur again and again (obsessions, such as a fear that germs are on one’s hands) are followed by some repetitive, ritualistic behavior or mental acts (compulsions, such as repeated hand washing, counting, etc.) |
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| periods of mood that can range from severe depression to manic episodes (excessive excitement, energy, and elation) |
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| However, while an individual may experience periods of mood at the two extremes, in some instances the individual may only experience mood that spans from normal to manic, and may or may not experience episodes of depression |
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| spans of normal mood are interspersed with episodes of major depression and episodes of hypomania, a level of mood that is elevated but at a level below or less severe than full mania |
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| reduces eating to the point that their body weight is significantly low, or less than minimally expected |
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| is a condition in which a person develops a cycle of “binging,” or overeating enormous amounts of food at one sitting, and then using inappropriate methods for avoiding weight gain |
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| it as a long-lasting psychotic disorder (involving a severe break with reality), in which there is an inability to distinguish what is real from fantasy as well as disturbances in thinking, emotions, behavior, and perception |
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| psychotherapy and biomedical. |
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Definition
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| involves an individual, couple, or small group of individuals working directly with a therapist and discussing their concerns or problems |
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| include the use of drugs, surgical methods, electric shock treatments, and noninvasive stimulation techniques. |
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1.authenticity
2.uncoinditional regard
3. empathy |
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Definition
| Rogers (1961) saw three key elements as being necessary in any successful person–therapist relationship. |
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Term
Systematic desensitization
Reinforcement Magnification
Minimization |
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Definition
| The four principles of motivational interviewing: |
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| Systematic desensitization, |
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Definition
| a therapist guides the client through a series of steps meant to reduce fear and anxiety, is normally used to treat phobic disorders and consists of a three-step process |
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Definition
| strengthening of a response by following it with some pleasurable consequence (positive reinforcement) or the removal of an unpleasant stimulus (negative reinforcement). |
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| Magnification and minimization: |
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Definition
| Here a person blows bad things out of proportion while not emphasizing good things. Example: A student who has received good grades on every other exam believes that the C she got on the last quiz means she’s not going to succeed in college. |
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| rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT |
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Definition
| Albert Ellis proposed a version of CBTin which clients are taught a way to challenge their own irrational beliefs with more rational, helpful statements (Ellis, 1997, 1998). |
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Activating Event
Belief – we control this
Consequences |
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Definition
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| using a combination of methods or switching methods to fit the particular client’s needs or specific problems. |
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| The most important common factor of a successful psychotherapy may be the relationship between the client and the therapist |
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| awareness of everything that is going on around you and inside your own head at any given moment, which you use to organize your behavior (Farthing, 1992), including your thoughts, sensations, and feelings. |
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| The sleep–wake cycle is a circadian rhythm. |
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Definition
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| The answer varies from person to person because of each person’s age and possibly inherited sleep needs (Feroah et al., 2004) |
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| During sleep, chemicals that were used up during the day’s activities are replenished and cellular damage is repaired (Adam, 1980; Moldofsky, 1995). |
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Definition
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Nightmares
Night terrors - is essentially a state of panic experienced while sound asleep.
Sleep Walking - walking around the house, looking in the refrigerator or even eating, and getting into the car.
Insomnia - is the inability to sleep.
Sleep Apnea - apnea, in which the person stops breathing for 10 seconds or more. |
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Definition
| The 5 sleep disorders (Get Definitions) |
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| adults in the United States suffer from apnea. |
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