Term
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Definition
*Helps diagnose neuromuscular, lower motor neuron, peripheral nerve disorders
*Low electrical currents pass through flat electrodes placed along nerve
*If needles used, inspect needle sites for hematoma formation |
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Term
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Definition
| Complex vertical canal network in cortical compact bone containing microscopic blood vessels that supply nutrients and oxygen to bone and lacunae |
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Term
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Definition
| Cavities in bone that house osteocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| AKA Spongy bone that contain trabeculae (large spaces) filled with red and yellow marrow |
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Term
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Definition
| Production of blood cells-occurs in red bone marrow |
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Term
| Fat Embolism Syndrome (FES) |
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Definition
| a life-threatening complication in which yellow bone marrow (which contains fat cells) becomes dislodged and enters blood stream |
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Term
| List the different minerals and hormones that affect bone growth and metabolism. |
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Definition
1. Calcium
2. Phosphorus
3. Calcitonin
4. Vit D
5. Parathyroid Hormone
6. Growth Hormone
7. Glucocorticoids
8. Estrogens and androgens
9. Thyroxine
10. Insulin |
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Term
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Definition
1. Synarthrodial - immovable
2 Amphiarthrodial - slightly movable
3. Diarthrodial - freely movable |
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Term
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Definition
| The only type of joints lined with synovium, a membrane that secretes synovial fluid for lubrication and shock absorption |
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Term
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Definition
| Small sacs lined with synovial membrane, are located at joints and bony prominences to prevent friction between bone and structures adjacent to bone |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A problem in muscle tissue - may be indicated by proximal weakness |
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Term
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Definition
| Problem with nerve tissue - may be indicated by distal weakness |
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Term
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Definition
| Abnormality in the stance phase of gait |
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Term
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Definition
| Abnormality in the swing phase of gait |
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Term
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Definition
| Tool that may be used to provide an exact measurement of flexion and extension or joint ROM |
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Term
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Definition
Grades muscle strength
5 - normal: ROM unimpaired against gravity with full resistance
4 - good: can complete ROM against gravity with some resistance
3 - Fair: can complete ROM against gravity
2 - Poor: can complete ROM with gravity eliminated
1 - Trace: no joint motion and slight evidence of muscle contractility
0 - Zero: no evidence of muscle contractility |
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Term
| In a patient's serum calcium, hypercalcemia/hypocalcemia could indicate: |
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Definition
Hyper:
*Paget's Disease
*Bone fractures in healing stages
Hypo:
*Osteoporosis
*Osteomalcia |
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Term
| In a patient's serum phosphorous, hyperphosphatemia/hypophosphatemia could indicate: |
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Definition
Hyper:
*Bone fractures in healing stage
*Acromegaly
Hypo:
*Osteomalcia |
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Term
| Elevations in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels may indicate: |
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Definition
*Paget's disease
*Osteomalcia |
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Term
| Elevations in serum muscle enzyme creatine kinase (CK-MM) may indicate: |
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Definition
*Muscle trauma
*Progressive muscular dystrophy
*Effects of electromyography |
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Term
| Elevations in serum muscle enzyme lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) may indicate: |
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Definition
*Skeletal muscle necrosis
*Progressive muscular dystrophy |
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Term
| Elevations in serum muscle enzyme aspartate aminotransferase (AST) may indicate: |
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Definition
*Skeletal muscle trauma
*Progressive muscular dystrophy |
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Term
| Elevations in serum muscle enzyme Aldolase (ALD) may indicate: |
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Definition
*Polymyositis and dermatomyositis
*Muscular dystrophy |
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Term
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Definition
| produces planes, or slices for focus and blurs images of other structures - helpful in detailing the MSK system |
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Term
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Definition
| Highlights the contrast between structures using edge enhancement - disadvantage include higher radiation dose to patient and inability to determine tissue density |
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Term
| Computed Tomography (CT) scan |
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Definition
| Good for detecting MSK problems, particularly those of vertebral columns and joints - always ask patient about Iodine allergy |
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Term
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Definition
*Fiberoptic tube inserted into joint for direct visualization
*Patient must be able to flex knee
*Evaluate neurovascular status of limb frequently |
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Term
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Definition
*Chronic metabolic disease in which bone loss causes decreased density and possible fracture
*Referred to as "silent disease" because first sign usually involves a fracture
*Spine, hip and wrist are most often at risk |
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Term
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Definition
| Loss of bone related to Vit D deficiency |
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Term
| Paget's Disease (osteitis deformans) |
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Definition
| Chronic metabolic disorder in which bone is excessively broken down and re-formed resulting in bone that is structurally disorganized and weak |
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Term
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Definition
| Infection in bone caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi |
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Term
| Dual X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA) |
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Definition
| Most commonly used screening and diagnostic tool for measuring bone mineral density - it is a painless scan that emits less radiation than a chest X-ray. It is the best tool currently available for a definite diagnosis of osteoporosis |
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Term
| What are the primary problems in metabolic bone disease (Paget's disease)? |
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Definition
*Strength
*Risk for fracture
*Injury prevention
*Nutritional status |
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Term
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Definition
| Slowly progressive thickening of palmar fascia, resulting in flexion contracture of the fourth and fifth fingers. Surgical release is only treatment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Round, benign cyst, often found on a wrist or foot joint or tendon. Painless on palpation, but they can cause joint discomfort. Can be drained, injected with cortisone, or surgically removed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inflammation of plantar fascia which is painful. Most patients respond to conservative management, but endoscopic surgery is also a possible treatment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when vertebrae rotate and begin to compress. Can be treated with moist heat, pain meds, and exercise, but may require surgical intervention for curvature greater than 50 degrees. |
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Term
| What are some priority concerns with MSK Disorders? |
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Definition
*Contractures
*Pain
*Mobility impairment |
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Term
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Definition
| Break or disruption in continuity of a bone |
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Term
| List the different types of fractures. |
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Definition
1. Complete
2. Incomplete
3. Open
4. Closed
5. Pathologic
6. Fatigue or stress
7. Compression |
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Term
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Definition
| Myoglobulin release from skeletal muscle into the bloodstream |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs from an external crush injury that compresses one or more compartments in leg, arm, or pelvis - it is potentially life-threatening |
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Term
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Definition
| A fracture that has not healed within 6 months of injury - some fractures never achieve unions (nonunion); others heal incorrectly (malunion) |
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Term
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Definition
| Realignment of the bone ends for proper healing, is accomplished by a closed method or an open procedure |
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Term
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Definition
| Application of a pulling force to a part of the body to provide reduction, alignment, and rest. Also used as a last resort to decrease muscle spasm |
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Term
| Open Reduction Internal Fixation (ORIF) |
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Definition
| The open reduction allows the surgeon to directly view the fracture site. Internal fixation uses metal pins, screws, rods, plates, or prostheses to immobilize the fracture during healing. |
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Term
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Definition
| System in which pins or wires are inserted throught the skin and affected bone and then connected to a rigid external frame |
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Term
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Definition
| Electromotive drug administration, using a small electric charge to deliver a medicine or other chemical through the skin |
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Term
| Acute Compartment Syndrome (ACS) |
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Definition
| Increased intracompartmental pressure due to accumulation of necrotic debris and hemorrhage, especially hemorrhage related to fracture. Can lead to rhabdomyolysis and kidney failure. |
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Term
| What are the 6 Ps we assess in order to monitor for early signs of Acute Compartment Syndrome (ACS)? |
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Definition
1. Pain
2. Pressure
3. Paralysis
4. Paresthesia
5. Pallor
6. Pulselessness |
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Term
| What are the 6 Ps we assess in order to monitor for early signs of Acute Compartment Syndrome (ACS)? |
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Definition
1. Pain
2. Pressure
3. Paralysis
4. Paresthesia
5. Pallor
6. Pulselessness |
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Term
| What are the possible complications of fractures? |
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Definition
1. Shock
2. Fat Embolism Syndrome
3. Venous thromboembolism
4. Infection
5. Chronic complications - necrosis, AVN, delayed healing
6. Peripheral neurovascular dysfunction
7. Pain
8.Impaired physical mobility
9. Inadequate nutrition |
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Term
| What are the possible complications of amputations? |
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Definition
1. Hemorrhage
2. Infection
3. Phantom limb pain
4. Neuroma
5. Flexion contracture |
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Term
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Definition
| Minimally invasive surgical technique for treatment of vertebral compression fractures in which bone cement is injected through the skin directly in to the fracture site to provide stability and immediate pain relief |
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Term
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Definition
| Same as vertebroplasty except it includes additional step of inserting a small balloon into the fracture site and inflating it to contain the cement and to restore height to vertebra |
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Term
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Definition
| sensitive tumor consisting of damaged nerve cells |
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Term
| Ankle-brachial index (ABI) |
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Definition
| Calculated by dividing ankle systolic pressure by brachial systolic pressure. A normal ABI is 1 or higher |
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Term
| Complex regional pain syndrome |
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Definition
| a poorly understood dysfunction of the central and peripheral nervous systems that leads to severe, chronic pain. Most often results from fractures or other traumatic MSK injuries |
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Term
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Definition
| Common diagnostic technique for a torn meniscus in which examiner flexes and rotates the knee and then presses on medial aspect while slowly extending leg. Test is positive if clicking is palpated or heard |
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Term
| Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) |
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Definition
| Common condition in which the median nerve in wrist becomes compressed, causing pain and numbness. NSAIDs are commonly prescribed and a splint or hand brace may be used. Surgery is necessary in half of cases of CTS could return. |
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Term
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Definition
| Diagnostic wrist test for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Excessive stretching of a muscle or tendon when it is weak or unstable (aka muscle pulls) |
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Term
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Definition
| Excessive stretching of a ligament |
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