Term
How do photosynthesis and cellular respiration complement each other?
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Definition
| Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are opposite processes. Cellular respiration converts the products of photosynthesis (sugar and oxygen) to CO2, H20 and energy while photosynthesis does the opposite (converts CO2 and H2O to sugar and oxygen. |
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Term
What are reactants? What are products?
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Definition
Reactants: substances present prior to chemical reaction
Products: substances created during a chemical reaction |
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Term
What three ways are chemical reactions classified?
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Definition
Decomposition: AB --> A + B
Synthesis: A + B --> AB
Exchange: AB + C --> AC + B |
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Term
Describe decomposition and provide examples
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Definition
| A large molecule is broken down into smaller structures i.e. hydrolysis of sucrose into glucose and fructose, breakdown of triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol |
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Term
Describe synthesis and provide examples
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Definition
| Two or more structures combined to make a larger structure i.e. dehydration synthesis forming a dipeptide, formation of triglycerides from fatty acids and glycerol |
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Term
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Definition
| Groups exchanged between two chemical structures |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Name and describe the two classes of energy
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Definition
Potential energy: stored energy
Kinetic energy: energy of motion |
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Term
What is activation energy?
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Definition
| Amount of energy it takes to undergo a specific reaction |
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Term
Describe exergonic and endergonic reactions
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Definition
exergonic: energy is released (decomposition)
endergonic: energy is supplied (synthesis) |
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Term
Trace the pathway for food intake to maintenance and production
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Definition
| feed intake-> gross energy found in feed (energy lost in feces)-> digestible energy- does not end up in feces (energy lost in urine and gases)-> metabolizable energy- energy left after feces, urine, gas loss (energy lost in form of heat)-> net energy- all energy left after losses spread between maintenance and production |
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Term
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Definition
| Gross energy- energy found in feed |
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Term
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Definition
| Digestible energy- energy that does not end up in feces |
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Term
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Definition
| metabolizable energy- energy left after feces, urine and gas loss |
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Term
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Definition
| energy left after feces, urine, gas and heat loss |
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Term
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Definition
| catalysts that accelerate normal physiological activities |
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Term
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Definition
| end in ase, based off the reaction they catalyze |
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Term
What does an enzyme affect the activation energy?
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Definition
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Term
Describe enzymes and how they aid reactions
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Definition
| enzymes are proteins that are a specific shape based on the molecules they interact with, they lower the activation energy in order to make the reaction happen using less energy |
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Term
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Definition
| molecules/ helper ions required to ensure reaction occurs |
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Term
How can a chemical reaction increase?
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Definition
| increase in enzyme concentration, increase in substrate concentration (only to the point of saturation) |
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Term
Why is optimal temperature and pH important?
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Definition
| 3D shape of enzyme heavily dependent on temperature and ph. Shape is important for intermolecular interactions, can denature at inappropriate temperatures and ph levels |
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Term
What is the difference between oxidation and reduction?
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Definition
| o- loss of electrons, r- gain of electrons |
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Term
What is glucose oxidation?
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Definition
| Breakdown of glucose with energy release, formation of CO2 and H2O |
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Term
What are the four possible fates of glucose?
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Definition
| pyruvate formed through glycolysis, ethanol formed through fermentation, formation of lactate, or complete oxidation |
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Term
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Definition
| Glucose broken down into 2 pyruvate molecules, does not require oxygen, 10 enzymes in cytosol participate, net production of 2 ATP |
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Term
Does glycolysis require oxygen?
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Definition
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Term
What is the final product of glycolysis?
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Definition
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Term
What happens when there is insufficient oxygen after glycolysis? What happens when there is sufficient oxygen after glycolysis?
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Definition
insufficient: pyruvate converted to lactate
sufficient: pyruvate enters mitochondria |
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Term
Which structure does the intermediate stage occur?
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Definition
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Term
What happens during the intermediate stage?
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Definition
| pyruvate gets converted to Acetyl CoA which is needed to begin the citric acid cycle |
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Term
Describe the citric acid cycle
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Definition
| Occurs in mitochondria, requires oxygen, Acetyl CoA initial substrate, can use fatty acids or amino acids, produces 32 ATP |
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Term
What nervous system stimulates digestion? What nervous system inhibits digestion?
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Definition
enteric nervous system-
sympathetic NS- inhibits
parasympathetic NS- stimulates |
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Term
Which nerve is crucial for digestion to occur?
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Definition
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Term
Name and describe the three phases of gastric secretion
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Definition
cephalic- prior to food entry
gastric- once food enters the stomach
intestinal- as partially digested food enters the duodenum |
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Term
What does gastrin stimulate and what is its function?
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Definition
| parietal cells, to release HCl for digestion |
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Term
Where is secretin and CCK release from and what is their function?
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Definition
| from intestins, to inhibit HCl |
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Term
Define lipolysis and lipogenesis
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Definition
lipolysis- breakdown of triglyceride into glycerol and fatty acids
lipogenesis- formation of triglyceride |
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Term
Define glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis
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Definition
glycogenesis- formation of glycogen from glucose
glycogenolysis- breakdown of glycogen into glucose
gluconeogenesis- formation of glucose from non carb forms i.e. fat, amino acids |
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Term
What is the major differences between ruminant and non-ruminant utilization of carbohydrates?
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Definition
| ruminants use microbial fermentation and volatile fatty acids in rumen to absorb carbs into blood circulation and non-ruminants use digestive enzymes and glucose in the small intestine to absorb carbs into blood circulation |
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Term
What is the function of the enzyme amylase?
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Definition
| to begin the breakdown of carbohydrates, found in saliva |
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Term
Where does all absorption occur?
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Definition
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Term
What enzyme is missing from dogs and cats? Explain why.
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Definition
| Amylase, their diets consist of primarily proteins and fats with little carbohydrates |
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Term
Describe the fermentation process in ruminants
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Definition
| Microorganisms live in the ruminant animal as symbionts and digests the food they eat for them while also feeding themselves. Volatile fatty acids are formed in fermentation and they are a major energy source for ruminants. |
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Term
What are the three main VFAs?
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Definition
| Acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid |
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Term
Besides VFAs, what other byproducts are produced during fermentation?
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Definition
| NADH, NAD+, ATP, CO2, CH4 |
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Term
What is rumination and eructation?
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Definition
rumination- aids reverse peristalsis in ruminants
eructation- belching of gas |
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Term
What can happen with excessive fermentation ruminants?
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Definition
| bloat (distended abdomen) |
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Term
What does pepsin function in? What is the inactive form of pepsin? What secretes the inactive form?
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Definition
| protein digestion, pepsinogen- HCl |
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Term
What happens when there is excess dietary protein?
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Definition
| results in amino acids being used for energy and converted into fat for storage |
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Term
What three things can the microbes synthesize that are valuable to the host?
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Definition
| high quality protein, protein from non protein nitrogen, B vitamins |
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Term
What organ produces bile? What is the function of bile?
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Definition
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Term
What does the enzyme lipase do?
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Definition
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Term
Describe pancreatitis in dogs and cats
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Definition
inflammation of the pancreas, flow of enzymes to digestive tract becomes disrupted forcing the enzymes out of the pancreas and into abdominal area. If this occurs, the digestive enzymes will begin to break down fat and proteins in the other organs, as well as in the pancreas. In effect, the body begins to digest itself. Because of their proximity to the pancreas, the kidney and liver can also be affected when this progression takes place, and the abdomen will become inflamed, and possibly infected as well. If bleeding occurs in the pancreas, shock, and even death can follow. (PetMD)
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Term
What does the enzyme nuclease do?
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Definition
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Term
Summarize the sources and fates of major body metabolites
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Definition
Glucose (propionic acid, glucose)- used for energy, fatty acid, glycogen and triglyceride sequence, NADPH production
triacylglycerol (free fatty acids, propionic acid, glucose)- used for energy triglyceride and fatty acid synthesis
acetoacetate (free fatty acids, propionic acid, glucose)- BHBA, used for energy
Urea (amino acids)- excreted in urine and saliva
amino acids (amino acids)- protein synthesis and amino acid synthesis
Acetate (acetic acid) and BHBA (butyric acid)- energy and fatty acid synthesis |
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