Term
|
Definition
| the scientific study of crime, especially why people commit crime |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of the practice of the criminal justice system - law enforcement, the courts, & corrections |
|
|
Term
| With the _____ school, people "gain" free will |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The classical school feels that crime & deviance is the result of a ______ analysis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 assumptions in Thomas Hobbes' "state of nature" |
|
Definition
1. the "natural condition of mankind" is what would exist if there were no government, no civilization, no laws, & no power to restrain human nature
2. the state of nature is a "war of all against all", in which humans constantly seek to destroy each other in the constant pursuit for power
3. life in the state of nature is "nasty, brutish, & short" |
|
|
Term
| The solution to the state of nature is what Hobbes called the ______, an agreement to give up some personal freedom in exchange for living in a safe & orderly society |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Positivism is the idea that it is possible to decide the specific causes of behavior using _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Positivism is a ______ theory, meaning crime & deviance are caused by forces beyond an individual's control |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most scholars currently working from the positivist perspective are ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the post-positivistic perspective probabilistic or deterministic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is the interest of critical theorists different from the interest of positivist theorists? |
|
Definition
positivist = what causes crime?
critical = the social construction of law & crime |
|
|
Term
| Crime from the conflict perspective is a byproduct of ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 places from which crime arises under the conflict perspective |
|
Definition
1. the effort of those in power
2. those positioned lower in the social structure |
|
|
Term
| The basic assumption of the Marxist theory of crime is that the majority of the population are exploited by ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ posits that a direct relationship exists between the interest of the ruling class & the criminal justice system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to instrumental Marxism, how does the ruling class affect the law? |
|
Definition
| they decide what is criminal |
|
|
Term
| According to instrumental Marxism, who applies the law? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| primitive rebellion hypothesis |
|
Definition
| crime is a necessary outcome of inequality in capitalist societies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does it mean that crimes of accommodation are "false consciousness"? |
|
Definition
| actually maintains the capitalist system through increased law enforcement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| crimes of the powerful - control, economic domination, government, & social injury |
|
|
Term
| Structural Marxism posits a _____ relationship between the interests of the ruling class & how social class institutions operate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chambliss' theory is an example of ______ Marxism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| physical manifestations of atavism (evolutionary throwbacks) [according to Lombroso, societies could determine criminals early in life through this] |
|
|
Term
| _____ theories influenced movements such as eugenics, which lasted throughout the early 20th century |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ theories note that crime rate remains high over time in certain city neighborhoods, even as the ethnic profile of the areas change |
|
Definition
| ecological or environmental |
|
|
Term
| ______ theories suggest that young males in particular engage in deviant subcultures (e.g. gangs, selling drugs) in order to gain status in marginalized neighborhoods |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between attributing racial/ethnic disparities to "differential involvement" vs. "differential selection" |
|
Definition
involvement = more offenders are non-white
selection = the system treats minority offenders differently |
|
|
Term
| Under feminist criminology, is there a single unified feminist theory of crime? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is feminist criminology simply the study of women & crime or women as victims? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the generalizability problem in criminological theory |
|
Definition
| why we cannot just "add women & stir" |
|
|
Term
| 3 current issues facing feminist criminology |
|
Definition
1. according to criminological theories (including feminist theories), 'maleness' is the single best predictor of criminal behavior - but theorists still have not adequately explained female offending
2. feminist analysis has largely ignored women of color, women of different social classes, non-heterosexual women, & other social locations of criminology
3. when conducting research, women are often considered either offenders or victims |
|
|
Term
| The current topic among feminist scholars is the _____ of race, class, & gender |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Developed as a legal theory, _____ theorists study the relationship between race, racism, & power |
|
Definition
|
|
