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Week 1 - Flashcard Vocabulary
Vocabulary for Stats Ch. 1
26
Mathematics
Undergraduate 1
04/13/2019

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Term
Data
Definition
______ are collections of observations (such as measurements, genders, survey response).
Term
Statistics
Definition
______ is the science of planning studies and experiments; obtaining data and then organizing, summarizing, representing, analyzing, interpreting, and drawing conclusions based on the data.
Term
Population
Definition
A ______ is the complete collection of all individuals (scores, people, measurements, and so on) within a study. The collection is complete in the sense that it includes all of the individuals to be studied.
Term
Sample
Definition
A ______ is the sub-collection of members selected from a population.
Term
Parameter
Definition
A ______is a numerical measurement describing a characteristic of a population.
Term
Statistic
Definition
A ______ is a numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a sample
Term
Quantitative data
Definition
______ consist of numbers representing counts or measurements.
Term
Categorical (or qualitative or attribute) data
Definition
______ consist of names or labels (that are not numbers) representing counts or measurements.
Term
Discrete data
Definition
______ result when the number of possible values is either a finite number or a “countable” number. (That is, the number of possible values is 0 or 1 or 2, and so on.)
Term
Continuous (numerical) data
Definition
______ result from infinitely many possible values that correspond to some continuous scale covering a range of values without gaps, interruptions, or jumps.
Term
Nominal level of measurement
Definition
The ______ is characterized by data that consist of names, labels, or categories only. The data cannot be arranged in an ordering scheme (such as low to high).
Term
Ordinal level of measurement
Definition
Data at the ______ can be arranged in some order, but differences between data values either cannot be determined or are meaningless.
Term
Interval level of measurement
Definition
The ______ is like the ordinal level, with the additional property that the difference between any two data values is meaningful. However, data at this level do not have a natural zero starting point (where none of the quantity is present).
Term
Ratio level of measurement
Definition
The ______ is the interval level with the additional property that there is also a natural zero starting point (where zero indicates that none of the quantity is present). For values at this level, differences and ratios are both meaningful.
Term
Voluntary response sample (or self-selected sample)
Definition
A ______ is one in which the respondents themselves decide whether to be included.
Term
Observational study
Definition
In an ______, specific characteristics are observed and measured, but there is no attempt to modify the subjects studied.
Term
Experiment
Definition
In an ______, one applies some treatment and observes its effects on the subjects.
Term
Simple random sample
Definition
A ______ of n subjects is selected in such a way that every possible sample for the same size n has the same chance of being chosen.
Term
Random sample
Definition
In a ______, members from the population are selected in such a way that each individual member in the population has an equal chance of being selected.
Term
Systematic sampling
Definition
In ______, one selects a starting point and then selects every kth (such as every 50th) element in the population.
Term
Convenience sampling
Definition
With ______, one simply uses results that are very easy to get.
Term
Stratified sampling
Definition
With ______, one subdivides the population into at least two different subgroups (or strata) so that subjects within the same subgroups share the same characteristics (such as gender or age bracket), then a sample is drawn from each subgroup (or stratum).
Term
Cluster sampling
Definition
In ______, one first divides the population area into sections (or clusters), then randomly select some of those clusters, and then choose all the members from those selected clusters.
Term
Retrospective (or case-controlled) study
Definition
In a ______, data are collected from the past by going back in time (through examination of records, interviews, and so on).
Term
Prospective( or longitudinal or cohort) study
Definition
In a ______, data are collected in the future from groups sharing common factors (called cohorts).
Term
Confounding variable
Definition
A ______ (a.k.a. "lurking" variable) is a phenomenon that isn't being measured ("extraneous" to your data set) that has a high degree of correlation with both your dependent variable and one or more of your independent variables. Confounding occurs in an experiment when you are not able to distinguish among the effects of different factors.
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