Term
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Definition
| Coenzyme Q10 is a fat-soluble quinone which is synthesized intracellularly and participates in a variety of essential cellular processes. It is primarily found in the inner mitochondrial membrane, and highest concentrations in the human body are in the heart, liver, kidney, and pancreas. |
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Term
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Definition
| Coenzyme Q10, ubiquinone, ubidecarenone, |
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Term
| Coenzyme Q Contained in Foods |
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Definition
| Heart & Liver - Beef, Pork, Chicken. Some fish, oils (soybean, olive, grapeseed, sunflower), Nuts (Peanuts, walnuts, sesame seeds, pistachios, hazelnut, almonds), Fruits (avocado, blackcurrent, strawberries, orange, grapefruit, apple), Vegetables (parsely, broccoli, cauliflower, spinache, grapes, chinese cabbage). VARIES IN AMOUNT. |
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Term
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Definition
| Coenzyme Q10 has a significant role in mitochondrial electron transfer and the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). It serves as a mobile electron carrier in the mitochondrial electron-transfer process of respiration and oxidative phosphorylation. |
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Term
| endogenous deficiency of coenzyme Q may be correlated with: |
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Definition
| cancer, congestive heart failure, hypertension, chronic hemodialysis, mitochondrial disease, and periodontal disease |
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Term
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Definition
| Cardiovascular: congestive heart failure, hypertension, angina, and periodontal disease |
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Term
| Coenzyme Q Peak Response: CHF |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Liver, Seminal Fluid, Tissues, Sperm |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Skin Rash, Pruritis, Exanthema, N/V/D, Epigastric discomfort, heart burn, appetite suppression, Thrombocytopenia, Irritability, Agitation, Dizziness, Headache, photophobia, influenza-like Symptoms |
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Term
| Coenzyme Q Drug-Drug Interactions |
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Definition
| Acenocoumarol, Ancrod, Anisindione, Antithrombin III, Bivalrubidin, Danaparoid, Defibrotide, Dermatan Sulfate, Desirubin, Dicumarol, Fondaparinux, Heparin, Pentosan Polysulfate Na, Phenindione, Phenprocoumon, Warfarin |
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Term
| Melatonin contraindications |
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Definition
| couples trying to conceive; pregnancy; nursing |
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Term
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Definition
| serotonin derivative produced by the pineal gland: when released, binds to melatonin receptors to inhibit adenylyl cyclase. MT1 receptor activation leads to sleepiness & MT2 activation leads to light/dark synchronization of biological circadian clock |
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Term
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Definition
| prevent jet lag; induce sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| release from pineal gland coincides with darkness & suppressed by daylight |
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Term
| Melatonin consideration for jet lag |
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Definition
| *Take @ target bedtime @ new destination (10pm-MN); *greater effect w/ more time zones crossed; *more effective for eastbound travel; *maximize daylight exposure @ destination to reset internal clock |
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Term
| Melatonin consideration for insomnia |
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Definition
| *may alter sleep architecture; *take @ desired bedtime; *lights off |
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Term
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Definition
| well-tolerated; next day drowsiness; fatigue; dizziness; HA; irritability |
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Term
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Definition
| BP: both hypo & hypertension reported, esp. important if pt on antihypertensive therapy |
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Term
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Definition
| NSAIDs; antidepressants; adrenoceptor agonists & antagoinists; scopolamine; sodium valproate; fluvoxamine (metabolized by CYP450); nifedipine (interact w/ & increase BP & increase HR); may decrease PTT & decrease effects of warfarin |
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Term
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Definition
| for BPH - increases urinary flow and decreases nighttime waking |
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Term
| Saw Palmetto efficacy is similar to which drug |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| HTN, HA, decreased libido, abdominal pain, rhinitis |
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Term
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Definition
| Inhibition (in vitro) of the enzyme 5-alpha reductase, which prevents conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) thereby decreasing DHT production. Also inhibits binding of DHT to androgen receptors, inhibits prostatic growth factors, blocsk alpha1 adrenoceptors, and inhibits inflammatory mediators |
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Term
| Does Saw Palmetto affect PSA levels? |
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Definition
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Term
| How long before clinical effects of Saw Palmetto are noticable? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Glucosamine pharmacokinetics |
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Definition
| - Is commercially derived from crabs and other crustaceans (cross allergenicity in people with shellfish allergies is a potential concern; however, is unlikely if the formation has been properly manufactured and purified). |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Glucosamine adverse effects |
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Definition
| Mild diarrhea and nausea, otherwise very well tolerated. |
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Term
| Glucosamine drug interactions & precautions |
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Definition
| May increase INR in patients taking warfarin increasing the risk of bleeding and bruising. This combination should be avoided or very carefully monitored. |
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Term
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Definition
| 500 mg TID or 1500 mg QD. Does not have direct analgesic effects, and improvements in function, if any, may not be observed for 1-2 months. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Derived from any of several species of the genus Panax. The active principles appear to be the triterpenoid saponin glycosides called ginsenosides or panaxosides, there are 30 types. Siberian and Brazalian ginseng are not from the Panax species. Siberian ginseng’s active content is eleutherosides |
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Term
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Definition
| Energizing, mind enhancing, vaso regulatory effects, improved glucose homeostasis, anticancer properties, antistress activity and antiplatelet activity |
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Term
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Definition
| Vaginal bleeding, mastalgia, CNS stimulation- insomnia, nervousness, and HTN |
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Term
| Ginseng Interactions and Precautions |
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Definition
| Irribility, sleeplessness, manic behavior have been reported in psychiatric patients using ginseng in combination with other medications (phenelzine, lithium, neuroleptics). Ginseng should be used cautiously in pts taking any psychiatric, estrogens or hypoglycemic medications. Ginseng has antiplatelet properties and should not be used in combination with warfarin |
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Term
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Definition
| 1-2 grams of crude P ginseng root or its equivalent is considered standard dosing. |
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Term
| Which species of Echinacea has been the most widely studied and has demonstrated evidence for effectiveness? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Indications for use of Echinacea |
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Definition
| Echinacea is possibly effective for immune modulation and upper respiratory infection. Evidence for use in inflammation has been inconclusive in humans. Proven ineffective in children and for use in genital herpes. |
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Term
| Echinacea Pharmacological Effects |
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Definition
| Immune Modulation: In vivo has shown increased phagocytosis, and an increase in total number of white blood cells, monocytes, neutrophils, and natural killer cells. In vitro has shown increased production of interleukins-1, -6, and -10. |
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Term
| Echinacea Contraindications |
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Definition
| Autoimmune disease (MS and RA), Immune deficiency disorders (HIV, AIDS), and TB. Safety for use during pregnancy and lactation has not been established. |
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Term
| Echinacea Dosage & Administration |
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Definition
| Available for oral consumption as capsules, tablets, tea, tincture, solid extract, dried root or herb (powdered or cut), and as a fluid extract. Available topically as a cream, lotion or salve. Follow dosing on the package label, as there may be variations in dose based on the product manufacturer. Should not be used as a preventative agent for longer than 2 weeks according to textbook (8 weeks according to podcast). |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Risk of severe hepatotoxicity, including liver failure and hepatitis as well as abnormal muscle spasm or involuntary jerking |
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Term
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Definition
| FDA has recommended that kava be avoided because of high risk of liver damage |
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Term
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Definition
| May interact with Parkinson medications |
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Term
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Definition
| Herbal from the Gingko Biloba tree with antioxidant properties |
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Term
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Definition
| Provides neuroprotection and transmission, increases blood flow, reduces blood viscosity, promotes vasodilation, and provides antioxidant effects through its terpene lactones and ginkgo flavone glycosides |
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Term
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Definition
| Mostly inconclusive studies for efficacy: Alzheimer's Disease, cerebral insufficiency, macular degeneration, anticoagulant, memory enhancement, allergic and asthmatic bronchoconstriction, erectile dysfunction, tinnitus and hearing loss. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nausea, headache, stomach upset, diarrhea, allergy, anxiety, insomnia, bleeding complications usually in association with aspirin or warfarin |
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Term
| Coenzyme Q 10 (Clinical Uses) |
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Definition
| Hypertension, CHF, COPD, Parkinson's,diabetes, HTN, male infertility, migraine prophylaxis, pulmonary fibrosis, ischemic heart disease, prevention of stain-induced myopathy |
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Term
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Definition
| found in mitochondria of organs such as heart, kidney, liver, and skeletal muscle; potent antioxidant; role in mitochondrial electron transfer and the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP); regulates NADH and succinyl dehydrogenases, and enables reversible interactions between the NADH dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, and cytochrome b-c1 portions of the mitochondrial electron transport chain |
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Term
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Definition
| Nausea, diarrhea, appetite suppression, heartburn, Rare side effects include: skin rash, pruritis, thrombocytopenia, headache and dizziness |
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Term
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Definition
| Derived from the Panax specific. MOA: increase circulation and oxygen delivery. |
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Term
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Definition
Strongest support: Cold prevention, decreased postprandial blood glucose, and nonspecific cancer prevention
Other: anti-inflammatory, anti-stress, energizing, mind enhancing, vaso regulatory effects, cardioprotective, antiplatelet activity, and weak estrogenic activity |
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Term
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Definition
Vaginal bleeding, mastalgia
Doses over 3g/d: CNS stimulation and HTN |
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Term
| Gingseng (Drug interaction) |
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Definition
| Lithium, phenelzine, neurolepitics, warfarin, hypoglycemia meds |
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Term
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Definition
| Used in treatment of migraine headaches and reduces serotonin release and platelet aggregation (INTERACTS with anticoags). Can also cause a reduction in histamine release and reduced smooth muscle contraction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inhibits nerve terminal reuptake of serotonin (5HT), norepinephrine (NE), and dopamine (DA) |
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Term
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Definition
| Studies have reported St. John’s Wort to be more efficacious than placebo and equivalent to the SSRIs for mild to moderate depression, but with few side effects. |
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Term
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Definition
| Photosensitization (sunscreen and eye protection should be used during sun exposure when taking St. John’s Wort). Hypomania, mania, and autonomic arousal have been reportered. |
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Term
| St. John’s Wort (Drug Interactions) |
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Definition
| Drugs that inhibit reuptake of serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine should be used cautiously or avoided. Risk of serotonin syndrome when used with medications that increase the serotonin levels. May cause sub-therapeutic levels of drugs, such as digoxin, birth control pills, cyclosporine, HIV protease and nonnucleoside reverse transciptase inhibitors, warfarin, irinotecan, theophyliine and anticonvulsants. |
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Term
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Definition
| Exact MOA unknown- it is believed to be GABA mediated (possibly similar to benzodiazepines), leading to relaxation |
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Term
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Definition
-Anxiety
-used in the same way alcohol is used... to relax/ 'chill out'... as an intoxicant
-has 'relaxing properties' |
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Term
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Definition
-drowsiness
-sedation
-GI- bloating/diarrhea
-tingling in mouth
-hepatotoxicity
-**PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE** |
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Term
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Definition
| -increases phagocytosis within the body; research trials in non-human subjects suggests that in may increase interleuken and TNF enhanced natural killer cell activity |
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Term
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Definition
| Main use is for boosting the immune system; prevent or shortens duration of cold/flu symptoms |
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Term
| Echinacea Special considerations |
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Definition
| Restrict to only 8 weeks of use; contraindicated in patients with immune disease |
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Term
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Definition
| Anti-inflammatory r/t eosphil infiltration, improves blood flow by inhibiting platelet aggregation factor, improves cognition through antioxidant properties |
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Term
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Definition
| Dementia, peripheral vascular disease |
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Term
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Definition
| subarrachnoid hemorrage, increased bleeding: do not use with anticonvulsants or anticoagulants |
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Term
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Definition
| BPH treatment via non-competitive inhibition of 5α-reductase I & II, reducing conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT); works in vitro but systematic reviews suggest no benefit vs. placebo. 1-3% report ADRs: GI upset, headache, rhinitis, decreased sex drive; standardized to 85-95% fatty acids & sterols, 160mg BID, 4-6 weeks for onset of effects |
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Term
| Glucosamine clinical uses |
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Definition
| Used to treat pain associated with knee osteoarthritis: does not have direct analgesic effect but serves as a cartilage nutrient. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mild diarrhea, nausea. Potential cross allergenicity in patients with shellfish allergy (if it has been packaged properly this is unlikely though) |
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Term
| Glucosamine drug interactions |
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Definition
| May increase INR in patients taking warfarin; mechanism is not well understood |
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Term
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Definition
| Supplements the glucosaminoglycan guilding blocks that helps maintain and strengthen existing cartilage. |
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Term
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Definition
| 500 mg TID or 1500 mg daily. Improvements may not be observed for up to 1-2 months |
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Term
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Definition
| some studies have shown it increases phagocytosis, total circulating WBCs, monocytes, neutrophils and natural killer cells to help enhance the bodies immune system |
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Term
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Definition
| Helps to make cold and respiratory symptoms more tolerable by enhancing immune fuctions; should not be taken longer than 10-14 days |
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Term
| Echinachea Adverse Effects |
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Definition
| flu-like symptoms (fever, shivering, headache, vomiting), unpleasant taste to product, GI upset, rash |
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Term
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Definition
| It is not well defined. it exerts antiandrogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferative properties in prostate tissue resulting in an improvement in BPH symptoms. |
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Term
| Saw Palmetto Clinical Uses |
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Definition
| treatment of BPH, decrease urinary symptoms of BPH |
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Term
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Definition
| abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea, fatigue, HA, decreased libido, and rhinitis. Less likely to affect sexual function compared to tamsulosin, and finasteride. |
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Term
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Definition
| unknown; exhibits several effects on ion channels that may result in an overall effect of reduced excitability |
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Term
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Definition
| hepatotoxicity, GI complaints, dizziness, headache, tingling in mouth; contraindicated during pregnancy and lactation |
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Term
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Definition
| anxiety (used for its relaxing properties) |
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Term
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Definition
| Endogenous glucosamine is used for the production of glycosaminoglycans in articular cartilage and serves a a cartilage nutrient. Therefore, supplementation with glucosamine is thought to increase the supply of the necessary glycosamine building blocks, leading to better maintenance and strengthening of existing cartilage. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Well tolerated generally; mild diarrhea and nausea; watch in patients with diabetes (they must have good control) and is contraindicated with patient's with shelfish allergy; may interact with warfin (watch INR) |
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Term
| St. John's Wort - "Hypericum Perforatum" |
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Definition
| A yellow flowering perennial plant - used as a mild to moderate anti-depressant, premenstrual cramps. Considerations - OTC with no FDA assurance/label approval in the U.S. |
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Term
| St. John's Wort - Proposed MOA |
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Definition
| The proposed function relates to an inhibition of serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline reuptake due to the active ingriedients of hyperforin and hypericin |
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Term
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Definition
| GI upset, dizziness, confusion, tiredness, sedation, decreases levels of estrogen (estradiol), photosensitivity, and cataracts. Do not use with MAO Inhibitors or other antidepressant medications r/t increased risk of Serotonin Syndrome, other interactions include: Induction of CYP3A4 Biotransformation pathway - reducing efficacy of drugs that also use the same pathway such as benzodiazepenes, statins, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, and antiarrythmics, another interaction r/t Glycoprotein transporter affecting GP transporter needed to absorb many drugs & affects hepatic absorption of many drugs. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Thought to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis, blocking platelet granule secretion, and decreasing vascular muscle spasm. |
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Term
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Definition
| Abdominal pain, diarrhea, lip swelling, mouth ulcers (from chewing leaf), and glossitis (from chewing leaf). Occupational or direct exposure has caused eczema and allergic dermatitis. Post-feverfew syndrome has been reported in up to 10% of patients. Symptoms include headache, insomnia, muscle stiffness, joint pain, fatigue, nervousness and tension. |
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Term
| Other names for CoEnzyme Q10 |
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Definition
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Term
| Where Coenzyme Q10 is found in the body |
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Definition
| Found in the mitochondria of many organs, including the heart, kidney, liver, and skeletal muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| A potent antioxidant that plays a role in maintaining healthy muscle function |
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Term
| Clinical Uses of CoEnzyme Q10 |
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Definition
HTN: lowers blood pressure
Heart Failure:Improve heart muscle function, improve ejection fraction
Ischemic heart disease: improvements in clinical measures - HDL cholesterol, exercise tolerance and time to development of ischemic changes on the ECG
Prevention of Statin-induced myopathy |
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Term
| CoEnzyme Q10 Adverse Effects |
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Definition
Tolerated well at doses as high as 3000 mg/d
In < 1%GI upset including diarrhea, nausea, heartburn and anorexia |
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Term
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Definition
| It is believed that ginkgo biloba alters neurotransmission and provides neuroportection. It decreases glucose utilization in the brain and reduces the number of peripheral adrenal benzodiazepine receptors, which alters corticosteroid secretion. |
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Term
| Ginkgo Biloba Cardiovascular effects |
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Definition
| Increase blood flow, reduce blood viscosity, promote vasodilation, and enhance tissue perfusion. |
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Term
| Ginkgo Biloba Metabolic effects |
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Definition
| Antioxidant and reduces free radical formation |
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Term
| Ginkgo Biloba Adverse Effects |
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Definition
| Nausea, headache, stomach upset, diarrhea, allergy anxiety, seizures, and insomnia. Drug interaction with aspirin, NSAIDS and warfarin. It increases the risk of bleeding complication with these medications. |
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Term
| Uses of Ginkgo Biloba with possible benefits |
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Definition
| Depression, erectile dysfunction, vertigo, vitiligo, macular degeneration, and claudication |
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Term
| Uses of Ginkgo Biloba with unlikely benefits |
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Definition
| Treatment of memory impairment, dementia, Alzheimer's, tinnitus, and altitude sickness |
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Term
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Definition
| melatonin is a seratonin derivative that is believed to regulate sleep/wake cycles. The release of melatonin mainly by the pineal gland begins when it is dark (around 9p and lasts until about 4am) |
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Term
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Definition
| jet lag, insomnia, female reproductive function, male reproductive function |
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Term
| Melatonin Adverse Effects |
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Definition
| well tolerated, next-day drowsiness, fatigue, dizziness, headache, irritability, may affect blood pressure, tachycardia |
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Term
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Definition
| Modulation of immune function, CNS effects (increased acetylcholine, serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine), antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory effects, antistress, analgesia, vasoregulatory effects, cardioprotective activity, antiplatelet activity, improved glucose homeostasis, and anticancer properties |
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Term
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Definition
| Vaginal bleeding, mastalgia, insomnia, nervousness, hypertension |
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Term
| Ginseng Drug Interactions |
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Definition
| Combination with phenelzine, lithium, and neuroleptics may cause irritability, sleepiness, and manic behavior. Use with caution in pts taking any psychiatric, estrogenic, or hypoglycemic medications as well as immunocompromised individuals, those taking immune stimulants, and those with autoimmune disorders. Do not use in combination with warfarin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Non-competeive inhibition of 5alpha reductase decreasing DHT production dihytestosterone. Clinical trials have conflicting resuls on effacay. |
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Term
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Definition
| No drug interactions, no effect on PSA testing.. |
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Term
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Definition
| ADRs- GI upset, decreased libido, HTN, abdominal and back pain, urinary retention.Contraindicated in pregnancy as it has an effective blockade of alpha 1 adrenoceptors. |
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Term
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Definition
| Thought to help with BPH, |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in the mitochondia of many organs, including the heart. Potent antioxidant and may have a role in maintaining healthy muscle function. Reduced serum levels have been reported in Parkinson's disease. |
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Term
| Clinical Uses of Coenzyme Q10 |
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Definition
| Shown to have small but significant reductions in systolic and diastolic BP. Low levels of coenzyme Q10 have been associated with worse levels of heart failure. Could have some metabolic protection in ischemic heart disease. Also has been used to prevent statin-induced myopathy. |
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Term
| Adverse effects of Coenzyme Q10 |
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Definition
| Generally well tolerated. GI upset, including diarrhea, nausea, heartburn, and anorexia have been reported in less than 1% of cases. |
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Term
| Drug Interactions of Coenzyme Q10 |
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Definition
| Shares structural similarities with vitamin K and interaction can be seek with warfarin. May decrease the effects of warfarin therapy. Should be avoided or carefully monitored. |
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Term
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Definition
| CLASS: Antimicrobial, Herbal |
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Term
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Definition
| MOA: Stimulates T-lyphocyte and interferon production, Cytotoxic against tumor cells, Mild antibacterial |
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Term
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Definition
| USES: Common cold, herpes simplex infection (topical), immunostimulant, psoriasis (topical), UTI, Vaginal candidiasis, skin wounds (topical), skin ulcers (topical), URI |
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Term
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Definition
| ADR: abd pain, allergic rxn, altered fertility, D/V/N, dizziness, erythema (topical use), exanthema (topical), fever, pruritis (topical), sore throat, and unpleasant taste. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Used in production of cartilage, so thought to increase supply and strengthen existing cartilage thereby improving ROM and reducing pain associated with arthritis. Studies have mixed results on effectiveness and more research is needed. Generally well tolerated, but caution for individuals with shellfish allergy and taking warfarin (increases INR). |
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Term
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Definition
| An antianxiety/sedative used for its relaxing properties. Has centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant properties. Also alters the limbic system modulation of emotional processes. Contraindicated in pregnancy as it may affect uterine tone. Metablized by the liver. ADR: Tingling to the mouth, GI disturbances, and physical dependence( >3 months use). Do not use with other antianxiety, alcohol, or sedative drugs for additive effects and possible overdose. |
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Term
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Definition
| A serotonin derivative believed to have a role in regulating sleep-wake cycles. Currently used to prevent jet lag and for insomnia. Melatonin is said to improve sleep onset, duration, and quality. May increase the amount of time spent in REM sleep. May also inhibit ovulation in women and decrease sperm count in men. |
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Term
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Definition
| Melatonin may cause next-day drowsiness, headache, and dizziness. May affect blood pressure- increase or decrease. Should not be used by couples trying to conceive. Metabolized through CYP450, may affect metabolism of other drugs metabolized by the same pathway. Decreases prothrombin time (PT), could decrease effectiveness of coumadin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Oral, herbal medication used for its antioxidant and cognitive enhancing properties- cognition, dementia, and tinnitus, vertigo, and peripheral vascular disease, |
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Term
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Definition
| Increase in bleeding, lower seizure threshold, palpitations, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, GI upset, and HA, dizziness |
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Term
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Definition
| Hypersensitivity to Ginko and use of ASA or other antiplatelet medications |
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Term
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Definition
| Traditional uses of feverfew have included fevers, headaches, stomach aches, toothaches, insect bites, infertility, and problems with menstruation and with labor during childbirth. Newer folk or traditional uses for feverfew include migraine headaches, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, allergies, asthma, tinnitus (ringing or roaring sounds in the ears), dizziness, nausea, and vomiting. |
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Term
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Definition
No serious side effects have been reported for feverfew.
Side effects can include canker sores, swelling and irritation of the lips and
tongue, and loss of taste. Less common side effects can include nausea,
digestive problems, and bloating. Long time user, who stop taking feverfew may experience
difficulty sleeping, headaches, joint pain, nervousness, and stiff muscles. |
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Term
| Feverfew contraindications |
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Definition
Not recommended during pregnancy for risk to uterus contractions and increased
risk of miscarriage or premature delivery. Allergic reactions common in people
who are allergic to other members of the daisy family (which includes ragweed
and chrysanthemums). |
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