Term
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Definition
| NRTI, early HIV drug that is used in HAART therapies, inhibits reverse transcriptase function |
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Term
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Definition
| non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), used in combination HAART therapy |
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Term
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Definition
| protease inhibitor, used in combination for HAART therapy, allows for greater effectiveness of other protease inhibitors |
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Term
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Definition
| integrase inhibitor, HAART therapy |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| viral fusion inhibitor, bings GP41; very expensive and inconvenient so use as last resort |
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Term
| which period of sex has greater brain differences between men and women, arousal or orgasm? |
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Definition
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Term
| what chemical drives sexual response in women? |
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Definition
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Term
| drug use to treat priapism |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| drug used to treat low flow priapism |
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Term
| what is the difference in sex hormones between kleinfelters syndrome and Kallman's syndrome? |
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Definition
Kleinfelters: hypergonadotropin hypogonadism
Kallman's: hypogonadotropin hypogonadism |
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Term
| what class of drugs commonly causes erectile dysfunction? What is one drug of this class? |
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Definition
| anti-depressants (SSRIs): prozac |
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Term
| what is a common adverse effect of prozac that could make patients stop taking it? |
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Definition
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Term
| 25 yo woman presents with 2day hx of dysuria, hematuria, increased urgency and frequency of urination. denies fever and chils or night sweats. What is likely dx and what is a good treatment? |
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Definition
| UTI, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| staph aureus found in the urine is usually indicative of what infective process? |
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Definition
| usually from hematogenous source rather than strict uropathogen |
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Term
| uropathogen seen in diabetics |
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Definition
| group B strep (strep agalactiae) |
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Term
| bacteria virulence factor involved in adhesion via glycosphinolipid interaction with bladder wall |
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Definition
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Term
| bacterium virulence factor involved in motility |
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Definition
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Term
| bacteria virulence factor involved in sequestering iron |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 bact virulence factors that cause damage to host bladder |
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Definition
cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1
hemolysin |
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Term
| how does lipopolysaccharide function as a virulence factor? |
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Definition
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Term
| function of Tamm-horstfall protein |
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Definition
| prevents bacterial adherance |
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Term
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Definition
| prevents bacterial adherance |
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Term
| does tampon usage increase likelihood of UTI? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the max time for a catheter to be in before there is a risk for infection? |
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Definition
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Term
| dysuria with increased frequency, urgency, suprapubic pain, hematuria, no fever |
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Definition
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Term
| what are 3 tests you can do for pyuria? |
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Definition
WBC: greater than 5 wbcs/high power field
leukocyte esterase positive
nitrite positive |
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Term
| what kind of urine test should urine cultures be performed on? |
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Definition
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Term
| if a woman with UTI symptoms is cultured sterile, what other considerations should you have? |
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Definition
mycoplasma or ureaplasma urealyticum
vaginitis |
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Term
| what distinguishes cystitis from pyelonephritis? |
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Definition
| fever, chills, flank pain |
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Term
| what is the only oral antibiotic approved for treatment of pyelonephritis? |
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Definition
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Term
| woman has UTI and is treated, but symptoms return in less than 2 weeks; is this relapse or reinfection? |
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Definition
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Term
| woman has UTI and is treated, but symptoms return more than 2 weeks later and the same organism is cultured. Is this reinfection or relapse? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is a natural prevention for UTIs? |
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Definition
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Term
| 44 yo male sexually active has acute pelvic pain non radiating, nausea, fever, chills, dysuria and frequency, elevated WBCs. DRE screems in pain when prostate palpated |
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Definition
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Term
| sexually active men presenting with prostatitis should be evaluated for what pathogens? |
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Definition
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Term
| most common pathogen in chronic prostatits; what are some others? |
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Definition
e. coli
others: pseudomonas aerunginosa, proteus, Klebsiella, enterococcus |
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Term
| good medication for chronic prostatitis |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| activation of the adrenal cortex for production of adrenal androgens |
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Term
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Definition
| activation of the gonads by FSH and LH |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| age at first sperm ejaculation |
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Term
| what drives pubertal development |
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Definition
| increase of amplitude and frequency of GnRH pulsations |
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Term
| first pubertal development seen in girls |
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Definition
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Term
| device used to measur testiclular enlargement |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the age that marks delayed or absent puberty in males? |
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Definition
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Term
| what age marks delayed or absent puberty in females? |
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Definition
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Term
| precocious puberty that involves the premature activation of the HPG axis and is gonadotropin dependent |
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Definition
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Term
| precocious puberty that results from exogenous androgens or autonomous sex steroid secretion |
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Definition
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Term
| age that marks precocious pub in boys |
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Definition
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Term
| age that marks precocious puberty in girls |
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Definition
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Term
| how is pseudoprecocious puberty caused? |
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Definition
| hypothyroidism: elevated TSH feeds back to hypothalamus and can induce GnRH secretions. puberty but short stature |
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Term
| cafe au lait spots, fibrous dysplasia in long bones and precocious puberty are typical signs for what disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| gynacomastia in adolescent males is considered normal if under how many years? |
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Definition
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Term
| infectious agent of syphilis |
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Definition
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Term
| infectious agent of chancroid |
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Definition
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Term
| which chlamydia serovars are agents of lymphogranuloma venereum? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the organism and serovars that is the most common cause of bacerial std in US? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the two main types in the life cycel of chlamydia trechomatis? which is infectious? |
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Definition
| elementary bodies (infectious, extracellular) and reticlate bodies |
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Term
| which has more acute symptoms chlamydia or gonorrhea? |
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Definition
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Term
| gram - diplococci isolated from GU |
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Definition
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Term
| what king of agar do you use to culture gonorrhea? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| which is more common in gonorrheal spread, male to female or vice versa? |
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Definition
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Term
| how does n gonorrhea adhere to GU tract? |
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Definition
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Term
| how does gonorrhea avoid immune system? |
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Definition
antigenic variation
molcular mimicry of RBCs sialic acid (lipooligosaccharide) |
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Term
| how does gonorrhea damage host tissue? |
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Definition
lipid a and peptidoglycan
Lipooligosaccharides trigger TNFa release |
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Term
| what is the down side of gram staining for n gon? |
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Definition
| in women, you can get other gram neg cocci in normal flora |
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Term
| microscopy to ID treponema pallidum |
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Definition
| does not gram stain, dark field microscopy or silver stain |
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Term
| common STD that is spirochete and doesn't stain with gram stain |
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Definition
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Term
| for treponema, what are the first tests you should do? what is next? |
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Definition
| do treponema specific first (these stay the same thru out treatment) and then do non-treponemal to measure progress |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| gram negative cocco bacillus that is fastidious and is the agent of chancroid or soft painful ulcers |
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Definition
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Term
| organism lacks cell wall, is agent of non-gonococcal urethritis and vaginitis; has a high colonization rate among sexually active males and females |
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Definition
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Term
| this organism induces itching and burning pain of vulva and vagina accompanied by white thick and curd-like discharge. gram stain shows pseudo hyphae and budding yeast |
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Definition
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Term
| most common protozoal UG tract infection of humans |
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Definition
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Term
| immediate early genes in viral replication |
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Definition
| up regulate other viral genes, down regulate selves |
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Term
| early genes in viral replication |
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Definition
| replicate viral genome and regulate themselves |
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Term
| late genes in viral replication |
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Definition
| encode structural proteins which function 1st in infection |
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Term
| hpv gene that interferes with p53 |
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Definition
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Term
| hpv gene that interferes with RB protein |
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Definition
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Term
| what HPV gene regulates E6 and E7? |
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Definition
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Term
| how does HPV cause cancer? |
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Definition
| it integrates into host genome in a way that disrupts E2, so E6 and E7 are unregulated |
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Term
| treatment for HPV 16, 18, 6, 11 |
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Definition
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Term
| treatment for HPV 16 and 18 |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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