Term
| Major functions of the kidneys |
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Definition
Maintaining the volume and composition of body fluids with normal functions
Regulates Vitamin D activation and maintain calcium levels.
Regulates blood pressure
regulating red blood cell production
Most fluid that is filtered out by the kidneys is returned to the body, and the waste products that remain are excreted in a relatively small amount of water as urine. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Kidney as it relates to blood pressure control-RAAS (renin angiotensin aldosterone system) |
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Definition
| A total body reaction to decreased blood flow to the nephrons. Whenever blood flow or oxygenation to the nephron is decreased, renin is released from the juxtaglomeral cells. The released renin immediately is absorbed into the capillary system and enters circulation |
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Term
| . Kidney as it relates to red blood cell production |
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Definition
| Whenever blood flow or oxygenation to the nephron is decreased, the hormone erthropoietin is also released from the juxtaglomerular cells. This hormone stimulates the bone marrow to increase the production of red blood cells, which bring oxygen to the kidneys. |
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Term
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Definition
| is the only known factor that can regulate the rate of red blood cell production. When a patient develops renal failure and the production of errythropoietin drops, the production of RBC falls and patient becomes become anemic. |
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Term
| . Know the following electrolyte levels (number values) and disturbances |
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Definition
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Term
| Refer to fundamentals text Chapter 40 Fluid, Electrolyte, & Acid/Base Balance page 1442-1443 table 40-10. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| potassium depleting, sodium depleating, and decrease in water. Most potent diurectic |
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Term
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Definition
| work to block the chloride pump in the distal convoluted tubule. Leads to loss of sodium and potassium and a minor loss o water. |
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Term
| Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors |
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Definition
| work to block the formation of carbonic acid and bicarbonate in the renal tubule. Can cause alkaline urine and loss of the bicarbonate buffer. |
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Term
| Potassium sparing diuretics |
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Definition
| are mild diuretics that act to spare potassium in exchange for the loss of sodium and water in the urine. These are preferable if potassium loss could be detrimental to a patient's cardiac or neuromuscular condition. Patients must be careful to not become hyperkalemic while taking these drugs. |
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Term
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Definition
| There is a danger of sudden change of fluid volume and massive fluid loss with this drug. This drug is used to decrease intracranial pressure, to treat glaucoma, and to help push toxic substances through the kidney. |
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Term
| Know the signs & symptoms a patient might exhibit if they are having an electrolyte disturbance |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Sodium loss
Serum Na below 135 mEg\L
mental status |
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Term
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Definition
Excreting potassium\decreased potassium excretion
Serum K below 3.5 mEg\L
Serum K above 5.0 mEg\L
cardiac, muscle, GI |
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Term
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Definition
Serum calcium>10.5 mg\dL
Low calcium
cardiac, muscle, respiratory |
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Term
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Definition
| Total serum calcium <8.5 mg\dL |
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Term
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Definition
Allergies to thiaides, sulfonamides
Hyperparathyroidism
Bipolar disorder
Preg or lac
Perform physical assess.
Insepct skin
Assess cardiopulmonary status, incuding blood pressure, pulse, auscultate heart and lung sounds for abnormalities
Obtain accurate body weight
Monitor intake and output
Evaluate liver status
Monitor lab test (serum elect. level esepecially pot. and cal. uric acid and glucose level) |
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Term
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Definition
Administer oral drug with food or milk
-IV diuretics slowly
Monitor I+O's
-cardiac response
-heart rhythm (w\diurtics for all 3)
Administer orally form early in the day
Monitor the dose carefully and reduce the dose of one or both drugs if given with antihypertensive
-Monitor patient response to drug
-assess weight daily
-check skin turgor
-provide comfort measures
-provide proper diet for elect. balance
-provide patient teaching |
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Term
| Diuretic patient teaching |
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Definition
Take early in the day
Need to weigh self daily (report increase in weight of 3 pounds or more in 1 day)
Importance of maintaining an adequate fluid intake to prevent fluid rebound
Need to heave readily available access to bathroom
signs and symptoms
Danger signs and symptoms to report
Safety measures (Moving slowly if dizziness)
Dietary sources of foods high in potassium with an emphasis on the need for intake of these foods or the need to avoid these foods if using a potassium spa.)
Need to comply with therapy
Importance of continued follow up and monitoring |
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Term
| Adverse affects (broad) Diuretics |
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Definition
| electrolyte imbalance, orthostatic hypotension, rebound edema, hyperglycemia, increased uric acid levels, acid-base distrubances, dizziness |
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Term
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Definition
| AVOCADOS, Grapefruit, peaches, sunflower seeds, bananas, lima beans, potatoes, spinach, broccoli, nuts, prunes, tomatoes, cantaloupe, navy beans, rhubarb, watermelon, dried fruits, oranges, sanka, coffee |
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Term
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Definition
| GI upset, CNS complications, hypovoemia |
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Term
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Definition
| Hypokalemia, volume depletion, hypotension, CNS effects, GI upset, hyperglycemia |
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Term
| Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors |
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Definition
| GI upset, urinary frequency |
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Term
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Definition
| Hyperkalemia, CNS effects, Diarrhea |
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Term
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Definition
| Hypotension, GI upset, fluid and electrolyte imbalances |
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Term
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Definition
| used to treat edema associated with heart defects, to control hyperension, and to treat edema associated with renal and pulmonary disorders. The effects of diuretics may be rapid and adverse effects may occur suddenly. The child receiving a diuretic should be monitored for serum electrolyte changes |
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Term
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Definition
Take for prolonged periods
Need to be aware of S&S
Chronic diuretic therapy should weigh themselves on the same scale, in the same clothes at the same time each day
Be aware of fluids with NVD
Maintain fluid intake
do not use if pregnant |
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Term
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Definition
More likely to have renal or hepatic impariment
Older adults should be started on the lowest possible dose of drug
Frequent serum elect. should be done.
Intake avtivity level of the patient can alter the effectiveness and need fot the diuretic
High salt diets can lead to edema |
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Term
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Definition
| causes compensatory hypo-ventilation, resulting in CO2 retention. (increases the acidity of extracellular fluid) |
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Term
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Definition
| causes compensatory hypercentilation, resulting in CO2 excretion (decreases acidity of the extracellular fluid) |
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