Term
| What occurs in the first stage of labour? |
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Definition
| Onset-> full dilation of the cervix, |
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Term
| What occurs in cervical effacement? |
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Definition
| The cervix flatten from bottle neck appearence becoming part of the inferior uterine wall and the mucuous plug from pregnancy is lost. |
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Term
| What occurs in the second stage of labour? |
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Definition
| Full dilation -> delivery of the baby, prpoulsive in full dilation with head to pelvic floor and expulsive with the desire to bear down/push. |
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Term
| What occurs in the third stage of labour? |
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Definition
| Delivery of the baby -> expulsion of the placenta and mambranes. The chord lengthens, gush of blood and the fundis of the uterus rises. |
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Term
| At which diameter should the babies head presnt in devlivery? |
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Definition
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Term
| From pelvic brim to pelvic floor, which direction does the head rotate from and to? |
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Definition
| Plevic brim head in left occipito lateral position whihc rotates to occipito anterior positing when hits the pelvic floor. |
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Term
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Definition
| Blood stained mucous discharge occuring in 2/3 women before labour. |
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Term
| What are the increased risks of primigravida labour? |
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Definition
| Inefficient uterine contraction and risk of cephalopelvic disproportion and foetal trauma (normally foetal size relates to mother size). |
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Term
| What are the increased risks of multigravida labour? |
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Definition
| Risk of uterine rupture, disproportion and dystocia are rare. |
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Term
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Definition
| Synthetic oxytocin, acts in 2 min when given IM and causes rhythmical uterine contractions. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Causes tetanic contraction of the uterus and reduces uterine bleeding, used to reduced post partum haemorrage. |
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Term
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Definition
| A combination of syntocinon and ergotamin effects. |
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Term
| What is carboprost used for? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Causes tetanic contractions. |
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Term
| What are the subtypes of misacrriage? |
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Definition
| Threatened, ineviteble, incomplete, complete and silent |
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Term
| How does an ectopic pregnancy present? |
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Definition
| Pain, vaginal bleeding, pelvic tenderness and cervical excitation. |
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Term
| How would you diagnose an ectopic pregancy? |
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Definition
| USS, HCG and laparoscopy. |
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Term
| What increases the risk of hyperemesis gravidarum? |
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Definition
| UTI, viral hepatitis, multiple pregnancy or molar pregnancy. |
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Term
| What is gestational trophoblastic disease? |
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Definition
| Chorionic villi abnormally expand and develop vesicles, may cause haemorrage, collting abnormailites, hypertension and later cancer development. |
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Term
| Who is gestational trophoblastic disease most likely to occur in? |
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Definition
| Very young or very old mothers. |
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Term
| What causes anaemia in pregnancy? |
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Definition
| 50% increase in plasma volume, x2-3 iron requirement, x10-20 folate requirement. |
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Term
| Why are pregnant women more succeptible to developing a UTI? |
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Definition
| Dilation of urinary colecting system, relaxation of smooth muscle and compression from the uterus. |
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Term
| Define a pre-term labour. |
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Definition
| Onset of labour after age of foetal viability and before 37 weeks gestation. |
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Term
| What are the causes of pre-term labour? |
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Definition
| Unknown , infection, multiple pregancy, polyhydramnios, cervical incompetency and iatrogenic causes. |
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Term
| What are the placental causes of ante partum haemorrage? |
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Definition
| Abruptio placentae (sepreating of the placenta from the uterus)and placenta praevia (placenta grws at the bottom of the womb partially convering the cervix) |
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Term
| What are the local causes of antepartum haemorrage? |
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Definition
| Cervicitis, cervical erosion, cervical carcinoma, vaginal trauma/infection and cervical polyp. |
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Term
| How do you manage pregnancy induced hypertension? |
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Definition
| Anti-hypertensives, regular monitoring and baby delivered at term. |
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Term
| What are the signs of pre-eclampsia? |
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Definition
| Increased blood pressure, proteinuria, +/- renal and hepatic function and eclampsia (seizures). |
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Term
| How do you manage pre-eclampsia? |
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Definition
| Close moitoring due to risk of eclampsia, anti-hypertensives/magnesium sulphate and early delivery is usually required. |
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Term
| What factors increas your risk of an thromboembolism in pregnancy? |
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Definition
| Age, obesity, thrombophillia, immobilisation and VT. |
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Term
| What is obstetric cholestasis? |
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Definition
| The build up of bile salts in blood as a result flow through the bile duct. |
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Term
| What are the risks of obstetric cholestasis? |
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Definition
| Spontaneous prematurity, iatrogenic prematurity, intrauterine death and increased meconium stained liquor. |
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Term
| How do you manage obsteric cholestasis? |
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Definition
| Emollients, antihistamines, ursodeoxycholic acid, vitamin K and deliver at 37-38 weeks. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Oedema of babies scalp (caused by pressure of head on cervix) |
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Term
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Definition
| Descent of bilaterl diameter of fetal head through pelivc brim. If the head is at the level of the ischeal spine its must be engaged unless there is a caput. |
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Term
| How much of the fetal head can be felt abdominally if the head is engaged? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| When the fetal head is +4 |
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Term
|
Definition
| The relation of the longitudinal axis of the baby in relation to the mother (longitudinal,oblique or transverse) |
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Term
| Define fetal presentation |
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Definition
| Part of the fetus at the lower pole of the uterus (cephalic, vertex or breech) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Posture of the fetus eg. flexion, deflexion or extension (usually felxion in vertex presentation) |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Blood stained mucous discharge occuring in 2/3 of women before onset of labour |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| System for assessing a new born baby. |
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Term
| What does a cardiotocograph measure? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What cardiological defects are associated with downs syndrome? |
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Definition
| ASD's, VSD's, persistent PDA and tetralogy of fallot. |
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Term
| What GI defects are associated with downs syndrome? |
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Definition
| Oesophageal atresia and duodenal atresia |
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Term
| What test does the NHS use for risk screening of downs syndrome? |
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Definition
| Triple test, conducted between 15-20 weeks, uses alpha-feta protein, beta hCG and uncongugated oestriol |
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Term
| What classes as a positive screen in the triple test. |
|
Definition
| >1 in 150 risk of downs syndrome |
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Term
| When do you perform an amniocentesis, how accurate is it and why might people be concerned by it? |
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Definition
| 12-18 weeks, >99% accuracy and <1% misacrriage risk |
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Term
| What malignancy's may present with PUO? |
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Definition
| Lymphoma/myeloma, leukaemia and solid tumours eg. renal or colon |
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Term
| What connective tissue disorders may present with PUO? |
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Definition
| Rheumatoid arthritis/polyarteritis nodosa, Temporal arteritis/polymayalgia rheumatica, Systemic lupus erythromatosis (SLE), Still’s disease and Rheumatic fever |
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