Term
| What is the significance of a new born's first breaths? |
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Definition
| Pushes fluid away from the alveoli establishing the resting lung volume. |
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Term
| What changes occur to a babies circulation at birth? |
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Definition
| Placental circulation system is switched off and heart shunts become closed. |
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Term
| How are new born's adapted to regulate temperature despite the low weight to surface area ratio? |
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Definition
| Subcutaneous circulation highly sensitive to temperature change and brown fat deposits. |
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Term
| How does brown fat maintain a new borns body temperature? |
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Definition
| Rich in TG, abundant mitochondira, cold stress causes norepinephrine release, free fatty acids imeadiately oxidised by mitochondria producing heat. |
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Term
| What is the average birth weight, length and head circumference of a new born? |
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Definition
| 3.5kg, 50cm in length and 35cm HC. |
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Term
| What is the normal temperature range for a new born? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the normal HR, RR and BP ranges of a new born? |
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Definition
HR- 110-150/min (85/min sleeping)
RR- 46-60/min
BP- 65/40 mm Hg |
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Term
| What are always abnormal signs in new born breathing? |
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Definition
| Grunting, nasal flaring, chest recession and tachypnoea >60/min |
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Term
| What are always abnormal signs in new born circulation? |
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Definition
| Central cyanosis, weak/absent femoral pulse, hyperactive precordium, harsh murmurs/palpable thrill, O2 sat difference >3% between arms and legs. |
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Term
| How are new born's adapted to survive the first 2-3 days with minimal lactation? |
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Definition
| Large liver glycogen stores, ability to use other energy sources e.g ketones from fat breakdown, relatively overhydrated at birth. |
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Term
| What is colostrum and what does it contain? |
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Definition
| Initial breast milk (57ml), contains a high energy concentrate, rich in proteins and immune cells/immunoglobulins and contains growth factors. |
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Term
| What are the advantages of breast feeding? |
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Definition
| Nutrition, hygienic, immunological, emotional bonding, economical and developmental. |
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Term
| A new born baby has lost 10% of its body weight by day 5 of life, is this normal? |
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Definition
| Yes, this is mainly water weight, however the weight is expected to be regained by day 10-14 of life. |
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Term
| How would you know that breast feeding is adequate nutrition? |
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Definition
| Baby's growth weight follows individual centile, content for 2-3 hours after feed and 6-8 wet nappies daily after day 4. |
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Term
| By when would you expect the first passing of meconium? |
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Definition
| Within the first 24 hours. |
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Term
| What causes physiologic anaemia in a new born? |
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Definition
| Transition from placenta to lung oxygenation ans increased RBC at birth results in negative feedback reducing erythopoietin production, anemia develops 5-8weeks of life until haemoglobin drops to 9-11g/dl. |
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Term
| What are the physiological causes of jaundice in a new born? |
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Definition
| High Hb load, shorter RBC life span, immature liver enzymes and bruising around birth. |
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Term
| When would a new born jaundice be considered pathological? |
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Definition
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Term
| What signs would be indicative of sepsis in a new born? |
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Definition
| Poor feeding, respiratory distress, poor circulation and seizures. |
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Term
| Why would a new born be more susceptible to developing sepsis? |
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Definition
| Immature immune system, lower Ig's, lower complement levels and reduced neutrophil function. |
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Term
| Although neonates have poor vision, what response to visual stimuli would you expect? |
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Definition
| Pupillary reflex, detection of movement in visual field with ability to track slow moving objects, faces preferred to patterns, black and white better than colour |
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Term
| What is harlequin colour change? |
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Definition
| A non pathological unilateral erythema, usually occuring between 2-5 days of life. |
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Term
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Definition
| A normal blue discolouration of the extremities of a new born. |
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Term
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Definition
| Marbled appearance of the skin caused by dilation of small vessels |
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Term
| What is erythema toxicum? |
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Definition
| Benign transient rash of new borns, white (sometime pustular) centre, occurs in 50% of new borns beggining between 24hrs-2 weeks old. |
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Term
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Definition
| Retained secretions in pilaceous follicles. |
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Term
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Definition
| The fusion of 2 or more digits. |
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Term
| What are the primitive reflexes you would expect of a baby <3months? |
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Definition
| Suck, swallow, grasp and moro reflex |
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Term
| What are the four drivers necessary for normal growth? |
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Definition
| Hormones, nutrition, genes and happiness |
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Term
| What are the four growth phases? |
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Definition
| Fetal, infantile, childhood and pubertal. |
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Term
| At what age would you expect to see catch up growth? |
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Definition
| Between birth and 6-18 months of age |
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Term
| At what age would you expect to see catch down growth? |
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Definition
| Starts at 3-6 months and is complete between 9-20 months old. |
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Term
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Definition
| Early sexual maturation resulting from increased androgen secretion, presents at 6-9YO. |
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Term
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Definition
| Early onset of sexual maturity as a result of increased nocturnal secretion of GnRH. |
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Term
| What ends bone growth in development? |
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Definition
| The fusion of the epiphyseal plate, mainly caused by oestrogen therefore girls shorter in stature. |
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