Term
|
Definition
Breakdown caused by direct physical force/contact
Ex: Water seeping into crack, freezing and expanding until the rock splits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Breakdown caused by changes in chemical composition of a rock
Ex: Acid eating away at rock |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type of physical weathering caused by water seeping into crack, freezing and expanding and weakening rock |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type of weathering caused by the peeling of rocks in layers as opposed to in grains |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type of chemical weathering caused by reduction in heat and pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Type of chemical weathering caused by minerals in rock reacting with oxygen
Ex: Iron silicates --> iron oxides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Weathering caused by living organisms; can be either chemical or physical
Ex: Tree roots burrowing into cracks and widening/deepening them; decaying organisms producing acid that breaks down rock |
|
|
Term
| Chemical Stability of Minerals |
|
Definition
| Factor effecting rate or weathering and erosion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Compacted and bound together by mineral cememnts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Loose, uncemented material |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Amount of empty space within rock (holes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Maximum steepness that a structure can maintain stability with |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Downhill movement of debris a 1-10mm per year |
|
|
Term
| Flow (Earthflow, debris flow, mudflow, debris avalanche) |
|
Definition
| Earth: finegrained, several km/hr; debris: coarser than sand, several km/hr; debris avalanche: fastest due to high water content |
|
|
Term
| Slide (slump, debris slide) |
|
Definition
| Slump: slow slide of unconsolidated material traveling as a unit; debris slide: travels faster and as more than one unit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Waterlogged, thawed surface moves slowly downhill over frozen surface |
|
|
Term
| Rock Movement (rockfall, rock slide, rock avalanche) |
|
Definition
| Rockfall: rocks fall freely downwards; rockslide: large masses move more or less as a unit in a fast downhill slide; avalanche: masses of broken rock flow downward at high speeds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Materials dissolved in water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Material suspended in water (floating) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Material sliding/rolling/bouncing along bottom |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Area between tops of the slopes on either side of stream |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Trough through which water runs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Flat area level with top of the channel; becomes flooded when stream rises too high |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mountainous area, actively cutting bedrock (waterfalls). tectonic lift unfinished; typical of younger stream |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lowlands, tectonic lift long finished, wide flood plain; typical of a mature stream |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bends and curves in a stream |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inside of a meander where water is at minimum velocity and sediments are deposited |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Former meanders that migrated and cut off portions of a channel, forming oxbow lake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fan or cone-shaped deposit of sediments from a stream; formed on land where a stream emerges from a mountainous area into a gentler slope |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fan of cone-shaped deposit of sediments from a stream where it empties into a larger body of water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Multiple channels splitting and rejoining |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Volume of water that passes a point in a given amount of time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| High points eroded and sediments deposited to even surface of land |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Extreme case of increased discharge; retention ponds, dams, channel alteration and artificial levees used to prevent floods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Waterfall that is being eroded away more and more over time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Movement of water from ocean to atmosphere and back into the ocean (evaporation, precipitation, runoff, etc) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Boundary between zone of aeration and zone of saturation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Water and air in pore space, unsaturated zone; shallow depth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Only water in pore space; lower depth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Permeable rock formation that stores and transmits groundwater in sufficient quantities to be useful |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rock formation with low permeability through which water flows through slowly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rock formation which is completely impermeable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Upper surface of an isolated body of groundwater separated from the main body of groundwater by and aquiclude |
|
|
Term
| Effluent vs. Influent Streams |
|
Definition
| Effluent: water moves from groundwater into stream during dry weather; influent: water moves from stream into groundwater during wet weather |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Water confined and under pressure between two aquicludes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Formed when water is pumped from a well |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Caused by over-pumping of freshwater, causing salt water to rise |
|
|
Term
| Valley vs. Continental Glacier |
|
Definition
| Valley: flows mainly along a well-defined valley; continental: continuous, thick glacier covering more than 50 000km, moves independently of topographic features |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Amount of new snow added to the glacier each year |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Process of ice melting causing glacier shrinkage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plastic flow: individual crystals slip tiny distances; basal slip: ice at base melts and forms lubrication for sliding downhill |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Structure formed in upper 50m of glacier where brittle ice cracks. Plastic flow deeper in glacier prevents the occurrence beneath 50m |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Glacier erodes both sides and bottom of valley |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bottom of glacier is wider than top, results in waterfalls |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bowl-shaped depression at head of glacier |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sharp, jagged ridge where glaciers meet between adjacent valleys |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Formed when 2 or more glaciers form around mountain and their cirques move towards each other (pyramid-shaped) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Linear scrapes/grooves left where glaciers eroded rock during movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Unstriated, poorly sorted sediment deposited directly by melting ice |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ground: broad blanked of till with no form; lateral: along sides of glacier; medial: where glaciers join in a valley and lateral moraines join as a ribbon; terminal: deposited by furthest advance of the glacier; recessional: deposited during glacial retreat when ice was temporarily stable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Isolated large boulder deposited by glacier in area with different type of bedrock |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Streamlined hills of till and bedrock (usually found in groups) that parallel direction of ice movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small hills of sand and gravel dumped at/near edge of ice |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Long, narrow winding ridges of sand and gravel found in the middle of ground moraines |
|
|
