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– water that is condensed onto objects because objects are colder than surrounding air
– the object have to be cooler than the dewpoint temperature
– example – Coke in the summer
*not a form of precipitation |
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| what happens to the air temperature falls below freezing |
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-frozen dew
-vapor to Crystal (disposition)
* crystals result from vapor to ice |
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covering of ice crystals produced by disposition on which temperature is below freezing on an exposed surface
* snow never goes through a liquid state |
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| most clouds form as air rises expands and cools |
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| in order for condensation to occur what has to happen |
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one – the air must be saturated (temperature and dew point)
two – there must be a surface (condensation nuclei) for particles to attach to and condense upon |
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| what is the cloud process |
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1 – surface heating
1- in free convection
2-topographic lift
3-widespread lifting due to surface convergence (coming together)
4-uplift along weather fronts a.k.a. mountains etc. |
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a cloud with base at Earth's surface
-four different types: radiation, advection, evaporation, upslope fog |
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| common in Austin (plains), at night when he goes away in temperature in dewpoint come together (Saturation) plus wind (prevents dew) |
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horizontal movement-seen in the West ( San Francisco)
this is the kind of fog that moves horizontally... Stays over the ocean until Earth is cooled enough to come through |
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| commonly seen by breathing in cold air or heat is being introduced into a cold atmosphere |
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| these are the clouds along mountains... They get left behind in large cloud masses |
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| history of cloud classification |
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| French naturalist Lamarck introduced the ideas but they were not widely accepted |
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| English naturalist Luke Howard (king!) employed the Latin words to describe the clouds as they appear to the ground observers |
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| Abercrombie and Hildebrandt's and expand Howard system it is now widely used |
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| Latin meanings for clouds |
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-at or above 20,000 feet
1. Cirrus (CI)
2. cirro Cumulus (CC)
3. Cirro Stratus (CS) |
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| middle clouds in their abbreviations |
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Definition
| -6500 to 20,000 feet 1. Altocumulus (AC) 2. Altostratus (AS) |
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| low clouds in their abbreviations |
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| (surface to 6500 feet) 1. stratus (ST) 2. stratocumulus (SC) 3. nimbostratus (NS) |
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wispy streamers, waves or masses of mostly ice crystal
-indicates Fair-weather
-referred to as "mares tails" |
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very small ( smaller than end of thumb )white cumulus puffs..rippled in long rows covering portions of sky
-indicate instability in the upper levels
-referred to as macro sky since the rippled appearance often it's resembles of all scales of the fish |
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then and sheetlike layer of white serious clouds that often covers the entire sky
-transparent to sunlight
-produces shadows
-fair weather
-has a "Halo" affect behind the Sun |
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gray, puffy, rounded masses of cumulus clouds which faces darker than the other parts of the same cloud
-size of thumb
-indicate instability at the mid-levels
-"rising castles" |
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great to blue ( never white)
usually covers entire sky
Sun appears as a Dull round disc
-no shadows cast
-indicates instability: they form in advance of storms that produced much widespread continuous precipitation |
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gray stratified layer of low clouds
can cover portions of sky
-only light drizzle can fall
uniform cloud bases and when on surface it becomes fog |
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low lumpy cloud layer..
Contain more water and the cumulus puffs are larger
blue sky in the background
-color ranges from white to gray
little or no precipitation expected
balled-fists |
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a dark gray wet looking cloud
precipitate rain or snow light to moderate
-it is NOT characterized by thunder lightning or hail
no sun or moon visible |
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(CU)
a cloud in the form of individual detached domes or towers that are usuall |
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(CB)
accompanied by thunder lightning and rain large in towering.
Tops are as high as 60 to 70,000 feet in more severe storms
-cirrus clouds ( at the top)of. Cumulus cloud dispersed away
appears to be a blacksmith anvil |
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| Lens like ( seen as the ring on mountaintops) (AC) |
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| broken or fractured clouds ... Little puffs (ST)(CU) (NS) |
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| to pile up; become congested (CU) |
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| bag, pouch like, mammary, ( seen in the underside of the anvil) (Cb) |
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| small condensation trails left by steam engines |
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| surface weather observation estimates cloud coverage in "octas" or eighths of the sky |
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very small and numerous in uniformly dispersed water drops
they appear to flow while flowing in the air currents.
Unlike clouds/fog droplets, drizzle falls to the ground
derived from low stratus clouds accompanied by low visibility and fog
less than .02"by convection |
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| intensity of drizzle is based upon the rate of fall |
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Definition
very light-when surfaces never completely wet
light-when rate of fall is .01" per hour
moderate- is when rate of fall is between .01" and .02" per hour
heavy- is when rate is more than .02 per hour
* when rate is equal or exceeds .04"per hour all or part of precipitation is generally rain |
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participation in the form of like when water droplets has diameter greater than .02 inches
produced by Nimbus Stratus or cumulonimbus clouds |
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| intensity of rain is classified as |
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Definition
very light-when scatter drops do not have lately wet an exposed surface regardless of duration
-light-when rate of fall varies between a trace of .10 in./h
-moderate when rainfall is between .11 and .3 in./h
heavy-with over .3 in./h |
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Definition
balsa liquid form but freezes upon impact form coding of glaze on the ground or on exposed objects.
Temperature of ground surface must be near or below freezing it is necessary that the water drops be supercool before striking
-usually occurs as a transcendent condition between the occurrence of rain and ice pellets (sleet)
droplet size, as in rain, must be greater than .02 inches |
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falls in liquid form freezes upon impact forming a coat of glaze the physical cause of this is the same as freezing rain
however-the droplet size, as an drizzle less be less than .02 inches |
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not the same as hail
– .2 inches or less in diameter
-form from freezing rain droplets when falling through a below freezing layer of air near the Earth's surface
-they usually make a distinctive sound when they bounce on the ground |
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cold-weather precipitation composed of white crystals or snowflakes
-produced in supercooled clouds were water vapor goes to deposition to become snowflakes
they can be up to .8 inch in diameter |
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light – is when visibility is 5/8 of a mile
moderate – is when visibility is less than 5/8 but greater than 5/16 of a mile
heavy – is when snow visibility is less than 5/16 mile |
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Definition
precipitation in the form of a regular lumps of ice produced by cumulonimbus clouds
has a diameter .2 inches or more
smaller may be classified as snow pellets
hail the size of 3/4 inches would be considered severe
-clouds have to be vertical for hail to
become large |
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Definition
-Drizzle less.02"----Rain >.02
-Freeze drizzle less.02"----Freeze rain >.02"
Ice pell(sleet) less .2"----Hail>.2" |
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| satellite observation of clouds |
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Definition
on TV – geostationary satellites
22,500 miles above the ground rotates with the Earth covering the same geographic area
polar orbiting satellite-532 miles above the Earth orbits around the Earth |
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| precipitation formation process |
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Definition
collision process – the warmer temperature process due from condensation (warm rain)
Bergeron ice crystal process-colder temperature process
deposition from water vapor to ice crystal form produces snow |
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Definition
| the smaller in the more peer the water drop is the longer it can remain in liquid form |
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| precipitation measurement |
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Definition
1. standard rain gauge-placement is important
2. Tipping bucket rain gauge inaccurate because of water loss
3. Weighting type rain gauge-pretty exact used in airports
* rules – not close objects more can inconvenient the better |
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Term
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Definition
rules-avoid areas with drifting blowing snow
-away from trees/buildings
-measure three places with ruler.... Take average of the three readings
-1 inch of liquid equals 10 inches of snow but it varies greatly
wet snow-rain 1">> Snow 5"
powdery snow 1">> snow 15" |
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| whether precipitation modification |
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Definition
the DIY of making weather happened:
seating of clouds for enhancement of precipitation( flying and injecting iodine)
fog dispersal ( only cold-weather fogs... Introduce heat)
hail suppression( impossible – Russians)
tropical cyclone suppression
protection from colder temperatures |
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Definition
the weight of air above a given surface
-as you climb in elevation there are always would be fewer air molecules above you therefore air pressure is always decreasing with height |
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| atmospheric pressure models |
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two identical columns of air
** if we move air into a column the pressure increases out it decreases( this is with no temperature change)
adding temperature affects how rapidly the molecules move up or down-- heat makes them rise... Ice makes them fall |
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it takes a shorter column of cold dense air to exert the same surface pressure as a taller column of warm dense air
** atmospheric pressure decreases more rapidly with elevation in the cold column of air |
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warmer air aloft – is normally associated with higher atmospheric pressure aloft( resulting in stable atmosphere)
colder air aloft – is normally associated with lower atmospheric pressure aloft resulting in instability |
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| what causes the high and low pressures |
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Definition
horizontal temperature differences resulting horizontal difference in pressure
* remember I stated early in the semester I need will heating of the Earth's surface causes the wind to blow |
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| how do we measure air pressure |
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Definition
1. Barometer( mercurial or android)
* not many mercurial left
corrections must be made for 1.temperature ALL
2.instrument ONLY MERCURIAL
3. Gravity( how close to the poles)ALL
4. Sea level ALL |
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| standard surface atmospheric pressure |
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atmospheric pressure decreases on average 1 inch of Mercury for every thousand foot rise in altitude
or 1013.2 mbar |
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Denver has a lower pressure than Galveston because of the difference in sea level... The higher the mountain the less air pressure
* low-pressure results in hurricanes and tornadoes
* in tornadoes atmospheric pressure would be 10% less than 1013.2 mbar
** high-pressure>> Cold ( polls)
** low-pressure>> (Hot equator) |
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blue H-air blows around a high clockwise manner in the northern hemisphere and counterclockwise in the southern
* in cross-section surface divergence( going away) and upper air convergence( coming together) |
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red L-airflows around low in a counterclockwise manner in the North Hemisphere and clockwise in the South
*in cross-section surface convergence in upper air divergence |
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| use isobars to depict lines of equal surface pressure |
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| upper air constant height charts |
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higher heights>>> high-pressure
lower heights>>> Low-pressure
on upper air charts high contour lines depict pressure at that level
* remember 1013.2 mbar is a standard service atmospheric pressure |
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Millibar chart = height
200mb 38,500 ft
250mb 34,250 ft
300mb 30,000 ft airplanes
500** half of the standard surface pressure 18500ft
700mb 9,800ft
850mb 4,000ft
1013.2 0ft |
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