Term
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Definition
| the type of representation in which representatives are held accountable to their constituency if they fail to represent that constituency properly. This is incentive for good representation when the personal backgrounds, views, and interests of the representative differ from those of his or her constituency. (page 272) |
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| the amounts of money approved by Congress in statutes (bills) that each unit or agency of government can spend. (page 298) |
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| characterized as having a legislative assembly composed of two chambers or houses; opposite of unicameral. (page 271) |
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| a proposed law that has been sponsored by a member of Congress and submitted to the clerk of the House or Senate. (page 288) |
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| a rule allowing a majority of two-thirds or three-fifths of the members of a legislative body to set a time limit on debate over a given bill. In the U.S. Senate, 60 senators (three-fifths) must agree in order to impose such a limit. (page 290) |
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| a gathering of House Republicans every two years to elect their House leaders. Democrats call their gathering the caucus. (page 282) |
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| joint committees created to work out a compromise on House and Senate versions of a piece of legislation. (page 286) |
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| the residents in the area from which an official is elected. (page 271) |
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| a tactic used by members of the Senate to prevent action on legislation they oppose by continuously holding the floor and speaking until the majority backs down. Once given the floor, senators have unlimited time to speak, and it requires a vote of three-fifths of the Senate to end a filibuster. (page 290) |
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| the apportionment of voters in districts in such a way as to give unfair advantage to one racial or ethnic group or political party. (page 279) |
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| the formal charge by the House of Representatives that a government official has committed 'Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.' (page 299) |
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| holding a political office for which one is running. (page 277) |
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| legislative committees formed of members of both the House and Senate. (page 285) |
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| a legislative practice whereby agreements are made between legislators in voting for or against a bill; vote trading. (page 297) |
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| the elected leader of the majority party in the House of Representatives or in the Senate. In the House, the majority leader is subordinate in the party hierarchy to the Speaker of the House. (page 283) |
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| the elected leader of the minority party in the House or Senate. (page 283) |
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| the effort by Congress, through hearings, investigations, and other techniques, to exercise control over the activities of executive agencies. (page 298) |
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| a roll-call vote in the House or Senate in which at least 50 per-cent of the members of one party take a particular position and are opposed by at least 50 percent of the members of the other party. (page 294) |
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Definition
| the resources available to higher officials, usually opportunities to make partisan appointments to offices and to confer grants, licenses, or special favors to supporters. (page 279) |
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| a veto that occurs when the president does not sign a passed bill within 10 days of receiving it, and Congress has adjourned. (page 292) |
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| Pork barrel legislation (or pork) |
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Definition
| appropriations made by legislative bodies for local projects that are often not needed but that are created to help local representatives win re-election in their home districts. (page 279) |
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Definition
| a proposal in Congress to provide a specific person with some kind of relief, such as a special exemption from immigration quotas. (page 281) |
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Definition
| the process of redrawing election districts and redistributing legislative representatives. This happens every 10 years to reflect shifts in population or in response to legal challenges to existing districts. (page 278) |
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Term
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Definition
| a vote in which each legislator's yes or no vote is recorded as the clerk calls the names of the members alphabetically. (page 294) |
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Definition
| (usually) temporary legislative committees set up to highlight or investigate particular issues or to address issues not within the jurisdiction of existing committees. (page 284) |
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Definition
| the ranking given to an individual on the basis of length of continuous service on a committee in Congress. (page 287) |
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Term
| Sociological representation |
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Definition
| a type of representation in which representatives have the same racial, gender, ethnic, religious, or educational backgrounds as their constituents. It is based on the principle that if two individuals are similar in background, character, interests, and perspectives, then one could represent the other's views. (page 272) |
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Term
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Definition
| the chief presiding officer of the House of Representatives. The Speaker is the most important party and House leader and can influence the legislative agenda, the fate of individual pieces of legislation, and members' positions within the House. (page 283) |
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Definition
| a permanent committee with the power to propose and write legislation that covers a particular subject, such as finance or agriculture. (page 283) |
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Term
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Definition
| legally prescribed limits on the number of terms an elected official can serve. (page 278) |
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| the president's constitutional power to turn down acts of Congress. A presidential veto may be overridden by a two-thirds vote of each house of Congress. (page 292) |
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Term
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Definition
| party members in the House or Senate who are responsible for coordinating the party's legislative strategy, building support for key issues, and counting votes. (page 283) |
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Term
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Definition
| Organizations concerned with public policy and involved in the electoral process only to further those policy aims. |
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Definition
Election won by more than 50% of all votes cast (50% plus one vote)
o number of votes needed sometimes known beforehand
o electoral college is an example |
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Term
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Definition
Election by at least one vote more than any other candidate.
o Congress is an example |
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Term
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Definition
| Founded during the 1828 presidential bid of John Quincy Adams |
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Term
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Definition
| Other parties united in 1850s and backed the nomination of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 |
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Term
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Definition
| Party elite and representatives select candidates to run for general election |
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Term
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Definition
| Democratic party in Texas holds primaries in the morning, then a caucus in the evening. |
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Term
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Definition
| People must declare their party affiliation and can cast a ballot only in their declared party's primary |
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Term
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Definition
| Voter may cast a ballot in either party's primary election |
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Term
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Definition
| Additional primary in which the two top candidates from the party primary run against each other, |
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Term
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Definition
| primary election in which all candidates regardless of respective political party, run against each other at once. The top two candidates then run against each other in the general election |
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Term
| Types of Political Parties |
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Definition
Brokerage - Party values change in order to win elections (Dem and Repub are both brokerage parties)
Idealogical - Party sticks to values |
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Term
| Responsible Party Model - 4 Principals |
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Definition
Four Principals
o Party should present clear and coherent programs to voters
o Voters should choose candidates according to the party's programs
o Winning party should carry out its programs once in office
o Voters should hold gov't responsible at the next election for executing its program. |
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Term
| Responsible Party Model - Functions |
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Definition
o Adopt a platform
o Recruit Candidates
o Inform & educate voters
o Organize and direct campaigns
o Organize the legislature
o Evaluate delegates' performance |
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Term
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Definition
Asserts that plurality rule elections structured within single-member districts tend to favor a two-party system
2-party system |
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Term
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Definition
FDR's policies during the Depression in the 1930s
o New coalition of voters (urban working class, ethnic, Catholic, Jewish, Poor)
o Truman's "Fair Deal" extended the ideas of FDR and maintained party unity
o Johnson's "Great Society" of the 1960s promised to solve social and economic problems through government intervention. |
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Term
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Definition
| Johnson's "Great Society" of the 1960s promised to solve social and economic problems through government intervention. |
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Term
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Definition
o Henry Truman
o extended the ideas of FDR and maintained party unity |
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Term
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Definition
o Ronald Reagan
o 1980s
o Brought together social and economic conservative, religious fundamentalists, and defense-minded anti-communists |
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Term
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Definition
| Calls the two major political parties "Cartel Parties" |
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Term
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Definition
| A political party which uses the resources of the state to maintain its position within the political system |
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Term
| Prewitt and Verba Four Characteristics of American Political Parties |
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Definition
o Decentralized
o Not extremely idealogical
o Receive support from a variety of social groups
o Do not organize government in the sense that European parties do. |
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Term
| Proportional Representation (P.R.) Systems |
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Definition
o Each Party represented in proportion to it's percentage of the vote
o Encourages development of numerous parties
o Gives voters an impact (no wasted votes)
o Prime minister chosen by winning party
o Parliamentary system |
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Term
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Definition
| Parliamentary Parties - In a world of perfect information, each voter would compare his expected utility of having party A (incumbent) in government (for another term, that is) with the expected utility of having party B (opposition) in government. This utility differential would determine each voter's choice at the ballot box. |
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Term
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Definition
| Parliamentary Parties - Minimum winning coalition (51%) |
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Term
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Definition
| Parliamentary Parties have to be close on the ideological scale to form an alliance. |
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Term
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Definition
| Coalition of individuals sharing common goals and objectives |
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Term
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Definition
o Hamiltonians and Jeffersonian Republicans
o First American parties
o Ceased to exist after 1820, by 1824 the Jeffersonian Republicans evolved into the Democratic Party |
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Term
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Definition
o Happen every 30 years or so
o Occurs when a new party supplants the ruling party
o Caused by new issues and new voters
o Produce a sharp change in voter loyalty
o 4 have happened in the US:
- 1860: Slavery
- 1896: Urban vs Rural, bimetalism
- 1932: State/Local vs Fed power
- 1960s Rise of the Republican party, break-up of the "Solid South" |
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Term
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Definition
| Candidate's values will be somewhere between moderate and the candidate's party extreme. |
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Term
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Definition
| Party success in a presidential election bodes well for other party candidates |
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Term
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Definition
o Separate parties controlling Congress and the White House
o Weakens the power of the president. |
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