Term
| What is Africa's share of global freshwater resources? |
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Definition
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Term
| What characteristics make Africa moisture deficient? |
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Definition
- lowest average percipitation and run-off compared to other continents
- freshwater resources are unevenly distributed across the continent
- groundwater resources are not sufficient for the population (groundwater = 15% of Africa's total renewable water resources)
- many countries depend on water flowing outside their national boundaries
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Term
__ countries in Africa are already experiencing water stress. __ countries are expected to join them by 2025. More than __ percent of Africa's predicted population will face water stress or scarcity by 2025. __________ exacerbates water scarcity. |
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Definition
| 14, 11, 50, population growth |
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Term
Africa's rivers flow through narrow basins at ______ elevations. Most form ______ at _______ elevations. Most have strong seasonal fluctuations and are subject to seasonal ______ and ______. They are shared by two or more countries |
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Definition
| higher, swamps, lower, floods, droughts |
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Term
| Name 4 of the 8 major river basins in Africa |
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Definition
- Congo Basin
- Nile Basin
- Niger Basin
- Zambezi Basin
- Orange Basin
- Senegal Basin
- Limpopo Basin
- Volta Basin
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Term
| The greatest ground water storage is in _____ Africa in large sedimentary basins. |
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Definition
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Term
| Africa has about ______ dams |
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Definition
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Term
| Name three major dams in Africa. |
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Definition
- Lake Kariba on the Zambezi River
- Lake Cabora Bassa on the Zambezi River
- The Volta Lake on the Volta River
- Lake Kainji on the Niger River
- Lake Nasser on the Nile River
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Term
| Name two pros of the Aswan High Dam |
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Definition
- provides 1/3 of Egypt's electricity
- stores and releases irrigation water, thereby minimizing the harmful effects of droughts
- year-round irrigation --> more food
- flood control
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Term
| Name 5 cons of the Aswan High Dam |
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Definition
- prevents the flow of fertile soil during the yearly floods
- soil buildup in Lake Nasser
- erosion of coast not replenished by soil buildup
- increased use of expensive commercial fertilizer
- salinization
- blocks 94% of the water going to the Mediterranean Sea, disturbing ecological balance
- harms fishing industries by preventing nutrients to reach the river's mouth
- required the relocation of 125,000 people
- proliferation of snails
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Term
| Close to __ percent of water in Africa is used in agriculture, of which __ - __ percent is lost to seepage and evaporation |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ is the world's largest tropical lake and the second largest freshwater lake. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 3 factors that affect the ecological health of Lake Victoria. |
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Definition
- rapidly growing human population
- clearance of natural vegetation along the shores
- booming fish-export industry
- disappearance of several fish species native to the lake
- prolific growth of algae and water hyacinth
- dumping of untreated effluent
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Term
| As a result of global warming Lake Chad has shrunk to one-______ of its 1963 size. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which a lake takes in too many nutrients, levels of oxygen drop, plants proliferate, and other organisms die off |
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Term
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Definition
| a low-lying depressional ecosystem that is permanently or periodically saturated with water at or close to the surface |
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Term
| name the three most common types of wetlands |
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Definition
- swamps
- marshes
- shallow open waters
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Term
| Name three of the five major wetlands in Africa |
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Definition
- the Sudd (Nile, Sudan)
- Middle Congo (Congo, DRC)
- Lake Chad swamp (Chari-Logone, Chad)
- Okavango (Okavango-Botletle, Botswana)
- Kyoga (Victoria Nile, Uganda)
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Term
| Why does Africa not have that many wetlands? |
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Definition
| tropical climate leads to evaporation |
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Term
| name 4 benefits of wetlands |
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Definition
- fish and wildlife habitat
- pollution control
- water supply
- carbon sink
- aquifer recharge
- sediment control
- recreation
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Term
| Name 3 factors for water-based conflicts |
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Definition
- degree of preexisting water scarcity
- how much water supply is shared by one or more states or regions
- power relationships between water-sharing states
- availability of alternative water sources and their accessibility
- international boundaries on shared river systems
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Term
| In 1902, the British forced a treaty on Ethiopia in which the latter agreed not to buld a dam on ____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The 1929 Nile Basin Agreement between British controlled Sudan and Egypt allocated __% of the flow to Egypt and __% to Sudan |
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Definition
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Term
| Italian occupied Ethiopia in 1936 promised not to interfere with the flow of the Blue Nile without the consent of ______ and ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name two reasons why upper riparian countries have not pursued water development projects using the Nile waters until recently. |
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Definition
- fear of retaliation by Egypt
- Egypt prevented other co-riparian countries from accessing funds from the World Bank
- political instability in upper riparian states
- lack of trained water engineers in co-riparian countries
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Term
| Name the goals of the Nile Basin Initiative of 1999 between Ethiopia, Kneya, Uganda, Rwanda, Tanzania, Egypt, and Sudan. |
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Definition
- develop the river in a cooperative manner
- allow for equitable utilization of and benefit from the basin water resources
- promote regional peace and unity
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Term
| theory of absolute territorial sovereignty/Harmon Doctrine |
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Definition
Upstream states can freely utilize a river's flow within its boundaries without considering the effects of its actions on downstream states |
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Term
| theory of absolute integrity of the river |
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Definition
| downstream states have an absolute right to have the uninterrupted flow of the river from the territory of the upper riparian states |
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Term
| the theory of limited territorial soverignty |
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Definition
| every state is free to use its territorial water, provided that it in no way prejudices the rights and use of the other riparian states |
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Term
| the theory of community of interests |
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Definition
The river basin is considered to be one economic and geographic unit. The theory advances the idea of reasonable and equitable utilization of the waters of an international drainage basin based on commonly agreed relevant factors. |
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Term
| Helsinki Rules (1997) (name 5 guidelines for allocation) |
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Definition
promotes the principles of equitable use and an obligation not to cause appreciable harm:
- the size of the drainage area in the territory of the basin state
- hydrology of the basin (contribution of water by each state)
- climate affecting basin
- past utilization of waters of the basin
- population dependent on the waters of the basin
- comparative costs of alternative menas of satisfying the economic and social needs of each basin state
- availability of other esources
- avoidance of unnecessary waste in the utilization of waters of the basin
- practicability of compensation to one or more of the co-basin states to negotiate settlements over conflicts
- the degree to which the needs of a basin state may be satisfied without causing substantial injury to another basin state
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Term
| soft path water development |
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Definition
as opposed to hard path development (use of dams and resevoirs); involves
- efficient use of water use in agriculture (drip irrigation)
- repairing water networks and pipes
- strengthening local communities' capacities in water management
- rainwater catchment
- reforesting watersheds
- greywater systems
- underground resevoirs
- cultivation of less water-intensive crops
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