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| any substance that cannot be broken down to any other substance by chemical reactions |
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| a substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio |
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| a chemical element required for an organism to survive, grow, and reproduce |
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| an element indispensible for life, but required in extremely minute amounts (e.g. S, Fe, P, K, Ca, & I) |
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| the smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element |
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| negatively charged subatomic particle that circles the nucleus of an atom with a mass 1/2000th that of a proton |
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| positively charged subatomic particles, located in the nucleus, provides the atomis number |
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| Ø charged subatomic particle, located in the nucleus of an atom |
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| a measure of mass for atoms and subatomic particles; the same as amu |
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| one of several atomic forms of an element, each with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons, thus differing in atomic mass |
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| an isotope (an atomic form of a chemical element) that is unstable; the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off detectable particles and energy |
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| the energy that matter possesses as a result of its location or spatial arrangement (structure) |
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| an energy level of electronsat a characteristic average distance from the nucleus of an atom |
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| an electron in the outermost electron shell |
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| the outermost energy shell of an atom, containing the valence electrons involved in the chemical reactions of that atom |
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| the three-dimensional space where and electron is found 90% of the time |
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| an attraction between 2 atoms, resulting from a sharing of outer-shell electrons or the presece of oppposite charges on the atoms. The bonded atoms gain complete outer shells |
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| a type of strong chemical bond in which 2 atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons |
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| two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds |
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| a single covalent bond; the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by 2 atoms |
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| a double covalent bond; the sharing of 2 pairs of valence electrons by 2 atoms |
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| the bonding capacity of a given atom, usually equals the number of unpaired electrons required to complete the atom's outermost (valenc) shell |
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| the attraction of a given atom for the electrons of a covalent bond |
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| a type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between 2 atoms of similar electronegativity |
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| a covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity. The shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive; H2 is nonpolar |
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| chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions |
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| an atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost one or more electrons, thus acquiring a charge |
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| a compound resulting from the formation of an ionic bond; also called a salt |
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| covalently bonded to an electronegative atom, formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule or in another region of the same molecule |
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| Vander waals Interactions |
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| weak attractions between molecules or parts of molecules that result from transient local patial charges |
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| the making and breaking of chemical bonds, leading to changes in the composition of matter |
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| in a chemical reaction, the state in which the rate of the foward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction, so that the relative concentration of the reactants and products do not change with time |
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| a molecule (like water) with an uneven distribution of charge in different regions of the molecule |
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| the linking together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds |
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| the clinging of one substance to another, such as water to plant cell walls by means of hydrogen bonds |
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| a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid. Water has a high surface tension because of the hydrogen bonding of surface molecules |
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| the energy associated with thte relative motion of objects. Moving matter can perform work by imparting motion to other matter |
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| measure of the matter's total kinetic energy due to motion of its molecules |
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| a measure of the intensity of hear in degrees, reflecting the average kinetic energy of the molecules |
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| a temperature scale (°C)equal to 5/9 (°F- 32) that measures the freezing point of water at 0°C and the boiling point of water at 100°C |
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| the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1°C; also the amount of heat energy that 1g of water releases when it cools by 1°C |
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| a thousand calories; the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of hater by 1°C |
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| a unit of energy; 1 J= 0.239 cal; 1 cal= 4.184 J |
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| the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of a substance to change its temperature by 1°C |
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| the quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1g of it to be converted from liquid to the gaseous state |
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| the porcess in which the surface of an object becomes coller during evaporation, a result of the molecules with the greatest kinetic energy changing from the liquid to gaseous state |
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| the dissolving agent of a solution (water) |
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| the dissolved agent of a solution (salt) |
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| a uniform, homogeneous mixture of two or more substances (salt water) |
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| a solution in which water is the solvent |
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| the spehere of water molecules around a dissolved ion |
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| any substance having an affinity to water |
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| having no affinity for water, tending to coalesce and form droplets of water |
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| a mixture made up of a liquid and particles that (becuase of their large size) remain suspended rather than dissolved in that liquid |
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| the sum of all the masses of all the atoms in a molecule |
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| the number of grams of a substance that equals its molecular weight in daltons and conatiins Avogradro's number of molecules (6.02x 1023 molecules) |
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| a common measure of solute concentration, referring to the number of moles of solute per liter of solution |
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| a substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution; pH 0 -> 7 |
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a substance that should not be dropped
reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution pH 7 -> 14
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| decreases the pH of ocean water due to absorption of excess atmospheris CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels |
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| rain, snow, or fog that is more acidic than pH 5.2 |
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| the study of organic carbon compounds |
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| organic molecules consisting of only carbon abd hydrogen; major componenets of petroleum (fossil fuel) |
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| compounds that have the same numbers of atoms of the same elements but different structures and hence the different properties |
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| one of the several compounds that have the same moleculare formula, but differ in the covalent arrangement of their atoms |
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| one of several comppounds that have the same molecular formula and covalent bonds between atoms but differ in the spatial arrangements of their atoms owing to the inflexibility of double bonds (geometric isomer) |
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| one of the two compounds that are mirror images of each other and that differ in shape due to the prescence of asymmetric carbon |
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| a specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and involved in chemical reactions |
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| Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) |
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| an adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate binds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells |
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