- Mineral salts dissolved in water that dissociate into charged particles (ions)

- Includes 4 major minerals : Sodium (+), Potassium (+), Phosphorous (-), and Chloride (-) 

- Dissolve and transport substances. 

- These substances include sugars, amino acids, ions, vitamins and minerals. 

- Fluids influence blood pressure, high blood volume can raise blood pressure as low blood volume can lower blood pressre. 

- Regulatory systems in kidneys and nervous system maintain blood volume through homeostasis. 

- Low blood pressure causes renin to be released by Kidneys and reabsorb sodium accompanied by water. 

- Low blood pressure causes angiotensin as renin hydrolyzes protein from the liver, it is a vasconstrictor and raises the blood pressure. 

- It is released from adrenal glands.

- Signals kidneys to excrete Potassium and retain water. 

- To release heat, blood flows to vessels just under ski. 

- To relieve heat, sweat glands release heat as the water evaporates off the skin. 

- Cerebrospinal fluid protects brain and spinal column.

- Amniotic fluid protects fetus. 

- Synovial fluid provides a lubricant around joints.

- Tears moisten and cleanse eyes. 

- Digestive secretions allow for easy passage of material through the GI tract. 

- Water follows electrolytes moving by osmosis to areas where electrolyte concentration is high. 

- Controls movement of fluits into and out of cells because the cell membranes are permeable to water, but non-permeable to electrolytes. 

- Proteins regulate the flow of fluid and ions because proteins attract water and help regulate fluid movement. 

- Transport proteins in cell membranes regulate the passage of (+) ions and other substances across the membrane.

- Electrolytes signal muscle contractions as movement of calcium into a muscle cell stimulates the muscle to contract. 

- Electrolytes help nerves respond to stimuli as movement of sodium and potassium across nerve cell membranes changes the electrical charge across the membrane. 

- Eletrolytes maintain acid-base balance through the concentration of hydrogen ions (high conc-acidic, low conc-basic). 

- Most loss through urine, kidneys control how much water is reabsorbed and excess water is processed by kidneys and excreted as urine. 

- Insensible water is lost through the skin (sweat) or through the lungs during exhalation. 

- Product of many chemical reactions in the body.

- Contributes 10-14% of body needs. 

- illness involving fever, vomiting, diarrhea, coughing and runny nose. 

- traumatic injusry, blood donation adn surgery. 

- exercise.

- high altitudes, cold and hot temperatures.

- pregnancy and breastfeeding. 

- Adult men: 3.7 L

- Adult women : 2.7 L

- Water intoxicaton and over-consumption. 

- Heavy sweating with fluid intake by no electrolyte replacement. 

- Results in dilution of sodium, causing headaches, confusion, seizures and coma. 

- occurs when temperature regulation mechanisms fail. 

- hot, humid environments.

- symptoms include rapid pulse, hot, dry ski, high body temperature, weakness. 

- dehydration occurs when water loss exceeds water intake. 

- commonly due to illness, heavy exercise or high environmental temperatures. 

- Infants and the elderly are at higher risk. 

- Sodium is an essential nutrient that functions in fluid and electrolute balance and plays a role in blood pressure and pH balance. 

- Nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction.

- Assists in transport of certain nutrients such as glucose into body cells. 

- It is easily absorbed and transported. 

- Kidneys control sodium balance. 

- AI : 1.5 g/day (1500mg/day)

- UL : 2.3 g/day (2300-2400 mg/day)

- If not enough sodium is consumed, hypotranemia will occur. 

- If too much sodium is consumed, hypertranemia will ocur. This results in abnormally high blood sodium concentration resulting in high blood volume, edema, and high blood pressure. 

- Chronic conditon of high blood pressure. 

- Systolic pressure over 140mm Hg. 

- Diastolic pressure over 90mm Hg. 

- Inreases risk of heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, dementia and eye disease. 

- Prevented through the DASH diet. 

- Designed to reduce blood pressure, and hypertension. 

- includes:

1.) high fruits and vegetabels

2.) adequate dairy or calcium

3.) high whole grain

4.) vegetable protein 

- Fluid and electrolyte balance.

- Muscle contractions, and transmission of nerve impulses.

- Effects a steady heartbeat. 

- High potassium intake helps maintain low blood pressure. 

- AI : 4.7g/day (4700mg/day)

- Potassium toxicity resulting from high blood potassium levels. 

- Results in abnormal heart rhythm and can result in a heart attack. 

- Potassium Deficiency resulting from low blood potassium level. 

- Occurs in kidney disease, diabetic acidosis, and eating disorders. 

- Includes symptoms such as confusion, loss of appetite, muscle weakness, abnormal heart rhythms. 

- Functions to maintain fluid balance, transmission of nerve impulses.

- Hydorchloric acid (HCl) in stomach. 

- Almost all chloride is consumed as NaCl. 

- Found in processed foods, and meats, eggs and milk. 

- Functions as a major intracelllar electrolyte, (HPO4)2-

- Functions in fluid and acid-base balance and a plays a critical role in bone formation. 

- Regulates biochemical pathways by activating or deactivation of enzymes and is found in ATP, DNA, RNA, cell membranes and bones. 

- RDA : 700 mg/day

- High amounts in protein foods, and cola soft drinks. 

- High blood phosphorus concentration occurs with kidney disease or over-onsuming phosphorus containing antacids. 

- Causes muscle spasms, convulsions, calcification of non-skeletal tissue especially kidneys. 

- High phosphorus intakes often correspond with low calcium intakes. 

- UL: 4000 mg/day.