Term
| Water balance is vital to |
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Definition
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Term
| The most abundant electrolytes |
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Definition
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Term
| Severe electrolyte imbalances can lead to |
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Definition
| muscle spasms, confusion, irregular heart rhythms, fatigue, paralysis, death |
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Term
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Definition
| osmosis, drinking, eating, and cellular respiration |
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Term
| One can lose water through |
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Definition
| urine, feces, evaporation, and osmotic loss |
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Term
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Definition
| you can lose up to six lbs, |
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Term
| How many pounds of water per hour can your body observe |
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Definition
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Term
| Is water lost equally from intracellular and extracellular compartments |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the predominant component of sweat |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the number of moles of active solutes per liter of solvent |
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Term
| How do excretory organs control osmolarity and volume of extracellular fluids |
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Definition
| excreting/declining to excrete water, excretion of solutes that are in excess, conserving solutes that are valuable |
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Term
| Carbs and fats are converted to |
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Definition
| water and CO2, they are easily eliminated |
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Term
| Proteins and nucleic acids produce |
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Definition
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Term
| Fish eliminate nitrogen as |
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Definition
| ammonia, its highly toxic, requires large amount of clothing, little energy for production |
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Term
| Birds eliminate nitrogen as |
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Definition
| uric acid, requirese little water, low toxicity, high amounts of energy |
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Term
| Humans excrete nitrogen as |
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Definition
| mostly urea, but also uric acid (from nucleic acid and caffeine) and ammonia( to regulate pH of extracellular fluid) |
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Term
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Definition
| powdered milk adulterated with melamine that is turned into ammonia within the body. Four babies killed 54,000 sickened |
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Term
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Definition
| Brings blood with nitrogenous waste to the kidney |
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Term
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Definition
| brings blood away from the kidney |
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Term
| Cigerette smoking and bladder cancer |
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Definition
| 40-50% of bladder cancer in U.S. attributed to smoking. High fluid intake protects against bladder cancer |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The basic functioning unit of kidney |
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Definition
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Term
| The four major regions of the nephron |
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Definition
| the renal corpuscle, the proximal tubule, loop of henle, distal tublle |
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Term
| Do the nephrons interact with blood vessels that they are closely associated with |
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Definition
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Term
| Three processes of urine formation |
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Definition
| Formation of pre-urine via filtration, reabsorbtion of water,nutrients, and some solutes. Removal of water from final urine via osmosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| the open end of the nephron |
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Term
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Definition
| The closed of the nephron. Where blood enters and exits. |
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Term
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Definition
| Network of capillaries (with large pores) in the glomerulus |
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Term
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Definition
| Region that surrounds glomerulus, collects the pre urine. Salts,glucose,small molecules filtered in. NOT proteins or cells. |
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Term
| How much can be filtered a day |
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Definition
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Term
| How much liquid going through glomurulus ends up in Bowmans capsule? |
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Definition
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Term
| How much pre urine is reabsorbed and returned to blood? |
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Definition
| 99% is reabsorbed and returned to blood |
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Term
| The epithelial cells lining lumen of proximal tube or packed with |
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Definition
| mitochondria, for the active transport of salts and nutrients out of the pre urine |
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Term
| Is the osmotic pressure constant in the proximal tubule |
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Definition
| yes, water passes through epithelial cells and into capillaries at same rate |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized membrane proteins that move water in lumen of tubule to the basolateral side |
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Term
| How much of the water and salt of pre urine is reabsorbed in the promximal tubule |
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Definition
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Term
| Has the osmolarity changed of the solute leaving the proximal tuble |
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Definition
| No its unchanged. It is isotonic as it had entered but with 2/3 less water and 2/3 less salt |
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Term
| Three regions of the loop of henle |
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Definition
| Thin descending limb, thin ascending limb, thick ascending limb |
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Term
| What happens to water and salt that leaves loop of henle? |
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Definition
| Enters blood capillary intertwined with the loop of henle. There is countercurrent flow. |
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Term
| what maintains gradient by loop of henle? |
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Definition
| urea is secreted in the medulla by fluid in the collecting duct |
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Term
| The proximal tubule and loop of henle |
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Definition
| are about the same way at all times, fluid that enters proximal tubule is always same compsition |
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Term
| distal tubule and collecting duct are |
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Definition
| Highly regulated. Water and salt reabsorbed is variable |
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Term
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Definition
| A hormone released by the adrenal glands, leads to activation of sodium pumps. If sodium is low. |
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Term
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Definition
| Antidiuretic hormone released from brain. Released in dehydrated. Triggers insertion of aquaporins into plasma membrane. |
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Term
| Alcohol and Nicotine on ADH |
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Definition
| Alcohol inhibits ADH and nicotine stimulates release of ADH |
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Term
| Are foreign wastes ever reabsorbed once in the pre urine |
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Definition
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Term
| What may other wastes include |
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Definition
| excess salt, vitamins, glucose (uncontrolled diabetes), and various products of cellular metabolism (such as ketoacids from incomplete metabolism of fat) |
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Term
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Definition
Urea: from catabolism of proteins
Uric Acid: from catabolism of nucleic acids
Ammonia: to adjust the pH to slightly alkaline |
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Term
| The three ways chemicals in our bodies may be eliminated |
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Definition
| Urine (mostly), perspiration (few things like salts), respiration (alcohol on breath) |
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Term
| What is the organ that eliminates the most waste products? |
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Definition
| The kidney, it also maintains proper osmotic gradient in the body |
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Term
| Do Feces ever eliminate metabolic waste and poison in our body? |
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Definition
| Never ever. Only bile acids (cholesterol derivitives), and dietary fiber, cholesterol (present in large protein complexes and can't pass through the urine) |
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