Title: Rhinoceros, Wounded Man and Bison

Location: Lascaux cave in Dordogne, Southern France

Artist: Shamans

Medium: Chewed sticks on rock walls

Period: Prehistoric

Significance: believed drawing an animal would give control over it, one of the only drawings of a human (stick figure for that reason), drawing as a means to perform magic

Title: Chinese Horse

Location: Lascaux cave in Dordogne, Southern France

Artist: Shamans

Medium: Chewed sticks on rock walls

Period: Prehistoric

Significance: believed drawing an animal would give control over it, horse an important symbol of power and grace in the Western Meditteranean, great naturalism

Name: Woman/Venus of Willendorf

Location: Austria

Artist: Unknown

Medium: Limestone

Period: Prehistoric

Significance: exaggerate features to highlight their importance (reproductive features highlight fertility), conscious desire to make a beautiful object with no specific utility, detailed hair

Name: Stonehenge

Location: Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire, England

Architect: Unknown

Medium: bluestone from Welsh Preseli mountains

Period: 2100 BCE, prehistoric

Significance: post and lintel construction - not much interior space (tension strength of stone is poor), mysterious - how did stones get there?, way of keeping track of seasons, beginning of agrarian culture, focus on sky

Persians invade Greece

Greece wins

Name: Parthenon

Location: Athens, Greece (on the Akropolis)

Architect: Iktinos, Kallicrates

Medium: penetelic marble

Period: Classical Greek

Significance: very expensive material - money and power, doric order but Kallicrates included ionic elements, no straight lines - utility, optical, aesthetic, urban and urbane

Name: The Temple of Athena Nike

Location: Athens, Greece on the Akropolis

Architect: designed by Kallikrates

Medium: penetelic marble

 Period: Classical Greek

Significance: also devoted to Athena, in the ionic order, looks light, feminine features

Name: The Erechtheion

Location: Athens, Greece on the Akropolis

Architect: Mnesikles

Medium: marble

Period: Classical Greece

Significance: rest of the temple in the ionic order, made the comparison between the columns and the human form explicit, structure made beautiful

Name: Model of Athena Parthenos

Location: Athens, Greece on the Akropolis

Artist: Pheidias

Medium: ivory and gold

Period: Classical Greek

Significance: chryselephantine sculpture (made of ivory and gold), larger than life tribute to the goddess, very dark room with the floor covered in oil - gold reflects off the ground, drapery

Name: East Pediment of the Parthenon

Location: Athens, Greece on the Akropolis

Artist: Pheidias

Medium: Marble

Period: Classical Greek

Significance: round sculptures though no one would see the back, controversy about whether they should reside in England or Greece, Phidean wet drapery, Athena emerging from Zeus's head, life imitates art - clothes start to mimic the carvings

Name: North Frieze of the Parthenon

Location: Athens, Greece on the Akropolis

Artist: Pheidias

Medium: Marble

Period: Classical Greece

Significance: subject of the Panathenaic festival (go to Parthenon to present statue with garment), relief sculpture, overlapping portrays perspective, makes the figures look 3D, humans larger than the horses - they are the subjects

Name: Nike

Location: Greece, Athens from balustrade of Temple of Athena Nike

Artist: Unknown

Medium: Marble

Period: Classical Greek

Significance: portrays a God in a very unheroic moment - humanized, Pheidian wet drapery, clothing falling off the shoulder - eroticism

Name: Grave Stele of Hegeso

Location: Athens, Greece

Artist: Unknown

Medium: marble

Period: Classical Greek

Significance: relief sculpture, Phiedian wet drapery, very daily moment in the life of Hegeso, grave outside of the city

Name: New York Kouros

Location: Greece

Artist: Unknown

Medium: marble

Period: Archaic Greek

Significance: influence of Egyptian art, start of the interest in the male nude, still view sculpture as four-sided endeavor (square), rigid, 1:head proportion

Name: Kroisos Kouros

Location: Greece

Artist: Unknown

Medium: Marble

Period: Archaic Greek

Significance: more round understanding of the body & carving, 1:7 proportion, softening of where body parts meet, improved iliac crest, still could be more realistic in the butt/back contours/face/hair

Name: Kore

Location: Chios, Greece

Artist: Unknown

Medium: Marble

Period: Archaic Greek

Significance: influenced by Egyptians but developed, more focus on the face and hair, intricate drapery

Name: Kritios Boy

Location: Athens, Greece on the Akropolis

Artist: Kritios

Medium: marble

Period: Early Classical Greek

Significance: smoother softer more realistic sculpture, invention of contrapposto - still not perfect (the wrong shoulder is lifted), improvements on the face, hair still needs improvement

Name: Charioteer from Motya

Location: Motya, Sicily

Artist: Unknown

Medium: marble but originally bronze

Period: Classical Greek

Significance: sexuality in sculpture, contrapposto, movement, a body underneath the drapery, charioteer represents physical prowess and fame

Name: Zeus

Location: Greece > Italy

Artist: Unknown

Medium: Bronze

Period: Classical Greek

Significance: Zeus or Poseidon, hair is very realistic, muscles are pronounced, feet lifted in such a way to demonstrate motion, action and stability

Name: Dorypohoros

Location: Roman copy, Argos

Artist: Polykleitos

Medium: bronze originally, marble copies

Period: Classical Greek

Significance: famous at its time (The Canon), a boy yet a man, perfect 1:7 proportion applied to every part of the body, ambiguity of motion (standing yet walking)

Name: Riace Warrior

Location: Southern Coast of Italy, Greek sculptures

Artist: Unknown

Medium: bronze

Period: Classical Greek

Significance: very natural, very lively (facial features made from other materials), convincing hair, pronounced body features

Name: Diskobolos

Location: Greece, Roman copies

Artist: Myron

Medium: original bronze, marble copies

Period: Classical Greek

Significance: detailed motion, life imitating art (people believe the false motion of throwing a discus), heroic and athletic, condenses many movements into one

Name: Hermes

Location: Greek original, Roman copy

Artist: Praxiteles

Medium: marble

Period: Late Classical Greek

Significance: 1:8 proportion extends elegance, tells narrative of Hermes and Dionysus

Name: Aphrodite of Knidos

Location: Greek original, Roman copy

Artist: Praxiteles

Medium: marble

Period: Late Classical Greek

Significance: possibly first sculpture of a female goddess in the nude, movement from the male nude, sensual, juxtoposed with drapery

Name: Epidauros Theater

Location: Epidauros, Greece

Architect: Polykleitos

Medium: limestone, marble

Period: Hellenistic

Significance: a number of theaters being built, built into the hillside (scenery becomes part of the architecture), perfect acoustics, respect of nature

Name: Apollo Belvedere

Location: Greek original, Roman copy

Artist: Leochares

Medium: marble, bronze original

Period: Hellenistic but found in Rome

Significance: intermingling beween Greek and Rome, contrapposto, sandals

Name: Laocoon

Location: found in Rome, originally Greek

Artist: Agesander, Athenodoros, Polydoros

Medium: marble

Period: Hellenistic but found in Rome

Significance: cut from one piece of marble, intense emotion, adjusted proportiong, mingling of Greek and Rome

Name: Temple of Portunas

Location: Rome, Italy

Architect: Unknown

Medium: local stone
Period: Republican Rome

Significance: temple for the port, Roman adjustments to Greek conventions (smaller, not pericteral - some columns are attached to wall, higher base, large proneos, has a front and back, less sculpture)

Name: Brutus

Location: Italy

Artist: Unknown

Medium: Bronze

Period: Republican Rome

Significance: qualities of the man seem to read on his face, truth of the portrait with flaws on his face, individual in a sculpture - achievement, maturity emphasized

Name: Veristic Male Portrait

Location: Rome, Italy

Artist: Unknown

Medium: marble

Period: Republican Rome

Significance: emphasizes maturity, naturalism of the face to remember the man and his achievements exactly as he was, religious figure likely due to veil, would be kept by family members to honor (ancestor worship) - placed in the vestibule

Name: Roman Forum

Location: Rome, Italy

Architect: Unknown

Medium: -

Period: Republican Rome > Imperial Rome

Significance: center of daily activity in Rome, later built upon by emperors, great foundations of buildings exist, later became a cow pasture

Name: Forum of Trajan

Location: Rome, Italy

Architect: Apollodorus

Medium: Marble

Period: Imperial Rome

Significance: the largest forum built by an emperor, utility and beauty, basilica - long building used as a meeting place and hall of justice, adapted by Christians for a church

Name: Colosseum

Location: Rome, Italy

Architect: Vespasian and son Titus

Medium: stone and marble

Period: Imperial Rome

Significance: place of pleasure for all of Rome, most massive building in the world after the pyramids, columns in the (1st level) doric order, (2nd level) ionic order, (3rd level) corinthian order, ampitheater (2 greek theaters combined)

Name: The Pantheon

Location: Rome, Italy

Architect: Apollodorus

Medium: marble/stone

Period: Imperial Rome

Significance: perfect geometry (triangle, circle, square), use concrete inventively (coffers imprinted into roof to reduce weight), oculus = source of light causes spotlight effect, 142 uninterrupted feet

Name: Augustus of Primaporta

Location: Rome, Italy

Artist: Unknown

Material: marble

Period: Imperial Rome

Significance: veristic portrait - (broad face, big ears, cowlick), ambiguity of age - remembered young, ambiguity of movement like Doryphorus, clothed armor (quiras) still shows body, forceful gesture, barefoot - godlike

Name: Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius

Location: Rome, Italy

Artist: Unknown

Medium: Bronze

Period: Imperial Rome

Significance: only emperors shown on horseback, proportions adjusted so Marcus Aurelius looks bigger, he controls the animal and his people, gesture to be calm, dressed like a civilian, specific face

Name: Ara Pacis Augustae

Location: Rome, Italy

Artist: Unknown

Material: marble

Period: Imperial Rome

Significance: altar piece to celebrate peace in Roman world, would have been outside, relief of August's family performing religious ritual, individuality in the faces of the frieze, children look bored, narrative

Name: Arch of Titus

Location: Rome, Italy

Artist: Rabirius

Medium: Marble

Period: Imperial Rome

Significance: triumphal arch in honor of Titus' destruction of Palestine, barrel vault framed by post and lintel, 2 reliefs tell story - narrative, army marches through arch with spoils of war

Name: Column of Trajan

Location: Rome, Italy

Artist: Apollodorus

Medium: marble

Period: Imperial Rome

Significance: looks like a scroll, tells narrative of campaign against Dacia, encyclopedia of Rome

Name: Aqueduct in Segovia

Location: Segovia, Spain

Architect: Romans

Medium: Local stones

Period: Imperial Rome

Significance: engineering feat, make something utilitarian beautiful, built from landscape, permeable but solid

Name: Scenes from Dionysiac Mystery Cult

Location: Villa of the Mysteries, Pompeii, Italy

Architect: Unknown

Medium: wall painting

Period: Republican Rome

Significance: Baroque activation of the space, the walls interact with one another, rituals of Dionysiac cult

Name: Villa of Publius Fannius Synistor at Boscoreale

Location: near Pompeii, Italy

Artist: Unknown

Medium: fresco

Period: Imperial Rome

Significance: 3 panels, uses perspective to give the illusion of a larger space, Egyptian tiles on the ground

Name: Villa Livia

Location: Primaporta, Italy

Artist: Unknown

Medium: fresco

Period: Imperial Rome

Significance: catalogue of flora and fauna, landscape painting of a garden on all four walls, enjoy the outdoors while indoors, attention to nature

Name: Basilica of Maxentius, Basilica of Constantine

Location: Rome, Italy

Architect: Unknown

Medium: concrete

Period: Imperial Rome

Significance: 3 huge barrel vaults, used groin vaults to be able to have a clerestory, physical presence

Name: abbey church of Saint Denis

Location: outside of Paris, Saint Denis, France

Architect: Abbot Suger

Medium: stone

Period: Gothic

Significance: invention of the rib vault opens up the space, allows more light in, movement to make the walls disappear

Name: West facade of cathedral of Notra Dame, Chartres

Location: Chartres, France

Architect: bishop of Chartres

Medium: stone

Period: Gothic

Significance: urban and urbane, center of the city, archuated (ribbed groin vaults), rebuilt after fire that maintained the relic of the virgin veil, pilgrimage

Name: West portal of cathedral of Notra Dame, Chartres

Location: Chartres, France

Artist: Unknown

Medium: stone

Period: Gothic

Significance: 3 doors represent trinity, middle tympanum most important, then right then left, story of new testament, then story of old, physical manifestation of belief

Name: Jamb figures of West portal of cathedral of Notre Dame, Chartres

Location: Chartres, France

Artist: Unknown

Medium: stone

Period: Gothic

Significance: elongated like the columns, slanted so they draw you toward the door, purposeful abstraction, faces particularized and individual

Name: Jamb figures on South portal of cathedral of Notra Dame, Chartres

Location: Chartres, France

Artist: Unknown

Medium: stone

Period: Gothic

Significance: less elongated, more naturalistic, contrapposto, St. Theodore, standing on something solid

Name: nave and choir of cathedral of Notre Dame, Chartres

Location: Chartres, France

Artist: Unknown

Medium: stone

Period: Gothic

Significance: very dark, light allows stained glass to splash colors on wall, dematerialized space, less solid, individual part subsumed by the whole

Name: Notre Dame de la Belle Verriere

Location: Chartres, France

Artist: Unknown

Medium: stained glass

Period: Gothic

Significance: 14 ft high divided into window squares, symbols surround Virgin Mary and Jesus, very heavy - lead supports windows

Name: portals, North transept of cathedral of Notre Dame, Chartres

Location: Chartres, France

Artist: Unknown

Medium: stone

Period: Gothic

Significance: entrance to the city, rose window at the top, 3 doors (trinity) > 1 window (God)

Name: Annunciation and Visitation on cathedral of Notre Dame Reims

Location: Reims, France

Artist: Unknown

Medium: Stone

Period: Gothic

Significance: drapery inspired by Phideias, contrapposto, interaction between figures, success in smiling, greater degree of naturalism

Name: Basilica of San Francesco

Location: Assisi, Italy

Medium: stone, fresco

Period: Early Italian Renaissance

Significance: use the walls as a field of decoration, tells narrative of St. Francis, built over his body

Name: St. Francis Preaching to the Birds

Location: Basilica of San Francesco, Assisi, Italy

Artist: Unknown, maybe Giotto

Medium: Fresco

Period: Early Italian Renaissance

Significance: 3D vivid gifures, scenery allows something outdoors to be viewed indoors, actions/gestures and movement on a flat surface, 1 day spent on the hands alone, narration

Name: Christ Entering Jerusalem

Location: Arena Chapel, Padua, Italy

Artist: Giotto

Medium: Fresco

Period: Early Italian Renaissance

Significance: left > right reading, donkey as the centerpiece, blue flakes off, catches humans in very realistic moments

Name: The Lamentation

Location: Arena Chapel, Padua, Italy

Artist: Giotto

Method: fresco

Period: Early Italian Renaissance

Significance: movement is right > left, slows down the viewer, leaves a space for the viewer, iconography, circle of anguish ripples outward

Name: Merode Triptych

Location: Flanders, Belgium

Artist: Robert Campin

Medium: oil on oak

Period: Early Northern Renaissance

Significance: 3 panel alterpiece, private commission, precise dense look due to oil, annunciation, iconology - symbol in daily things

Name: Man in a Red Turban (self-portrait)

Location: Flanders, Belgium

Artist: Jan Van Eyck

Medium: oil on panel

Period: Early Northern Renaissance

Significance: "like I can" - proud demonstration of own ability, self confident, artist celebrated

Name: The Arnolfini Portrait

Location: Flanders, Belgium

Artist: Jan Van Eyck

Medium: oil on panel

Period: Early Northern Renaissance

Significance: prestigious wealthy characters, merchants, religious event in Flemmish domestic home, symbols in various places (dog - fidelity, pregnant - fertility), shoes removed - space of holiness

Name: The Garden of Earthly Delights

Location: The Netherlands

Artist: Hieronymus Bosch

Medium: oil on panel

Period: Early Northern Renaissance

Significance: massive tryptich, iconography, totality of human kind, demand viewer interpretation, individual creation, people thought the world was ending - antimodernism

Name: Vitruvian Man

Location: Italy

Artist: Leonardo Da Vinci

Method: pen and ink

Period: High Renaissance

Significance: man is the center of all things, perfect geometry, perfect proportions

Name: David

Location: Florence, Italy

Artist: Michelangelo

Method: marble

Period: High Renaissance

Significance: reinvention of the past, rebirth of old traditions, harkening to Greek sculpture, observation of the world

Name: St. George

Location: Italy

Artist: Donatello

Method: marble

Period: Early Italian Renaissance

Significance: freestanding sculpture in a niche, thousands of movements and feelings condensed into one pose, represents society's anxiety and hope, at ease, armour suggests fighting