Name: St. George

Artist: Donatello

Location: Florence, Italy

Period: Early Renaissance

Medium: marble

Significance: use of rilievo schiacciato (squashed relief) suggests distance but the relief is only 1 inch, horse and St. George move into the background suggesting 3-dimensionality

Name: Equestrian Monument of Gattamelata

Artist: Donatello

Location: Italy

Period: Early Renaissance

Medium: bronze

Significance: hearkens back to statue of Marcus Aurelius, face modeled on republican style sculpture (didn't actually know what he looked like), pays homage to the Venetian commander's service to protect Venice, Donatello prominently signs the sculpture

Name: David

Artist: Donatello

Location: Florence, Italy

Period: Early Renaissance

Medium: Bronze

Significance: secular depiction of a religious topic, very sexual/androgynous piece, first freestanding male nude in 1000 years, appears naked but not entirely which makes it more sexual, for the wealthy Medici family - not reflective of Donatello's biography

Name: The Holy Trinity with the Virgin, St. John, and Two Donors

Artist: Masaccio

Location: Florence, Italy

Period: Early Renaissance

Medium: fresco

Significance: first time 1 point perspective was used in a religious piece of art, figures inhabit the space but do not create it, the trinity is visualized in triangular composition, decomposing body a memento mori - remember you will die

Name: The Tribute Money

Artist: Masaccio

Location: Brancacci Chapel, Florence, Italy

Period: Early Renaissance

Medium: fresco

Significance: created a unified space with three stories in it (the story is not in sequential order, follows the middle-left-right order of the trinity), uses 1 point perspective, color is monochromatic in the distance and more colorful up closing giving a sense of distance, figures dressed to hearken to Roman times

Name: The Expulsion from Paradise

Artist: Masaccio

Location: Brancacci Chapel, Florence, Italy

Period: Early Renaissance

Medium: fresco

Significance: naturalistic gestures of despair, human body in motion, beauty and power of the nude form, controversy over whether they should be covered (fig leaves painted on later by Puritans)

Name: The Birth of Venus

Artist: Botticelli

Location: Florence, Italy

Period: Early Renaissance

Medium: tempera on panel

Significance: used a thin style of painting to suggest breeziness, allegory of a classical time, not supposed to be naturalistic but poetic, emblematic representation

Name: Portrait of Ginevra de' Benci

Artist: Leonardo da Vinci

Location: Italy

Period: High Renaissance

Medium: oil on panel

Significance: naturalistic observation of the natural world (reflection in the water), depicts that she was smart and beautiful through plucked eyebrows and large forehead, use of Leonardo invention sfumato - smoke; very soft transitions from light to dark

Name: Mona Lisa

Artist: Leonardo da Vinci

Location: Italy

Period: High Renaissance

Medium: oil on panel

Significance: faces and engages the viewer with internal dialogue (leaning toward us with expectation), no distraction in dress to focus on woman, set against a wild primitive landscape, horizon line cuts across eyes, hands positioned such that she is refined, very alive painting, subtle smile

Name: The Last Supper

Artist: Leonardo da Vinci

Location: Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan, Italy

Period: High Renaissance

Medium: tempera wall mural - didn't like fresco limits

Significance: reinvented a common image, used 1 point perspective to make it look like a continuation of the room, divided into groups of 3 each with a narrative, everything leads back to Christ, use of trinity and halo, ripples of distraction outward, focus on the emotions of each face

Name: Pieta

Artist: Michelangelo

Location: Rome, Italy

Period: High Renaissance

Medium: marble

Significance: carved out of one block of marble, reinvention of an old subject (Christ's body not broken as a reminder that he will resurrect), use of massive drapery to mask proportions of a small Christ and a large Mary, quiet resignation rather than panic

Name: David

Artist: Michelangelo

Location: Florence, Italy

Period: High Renaissance

Medium: marble

Significance: more obviously pagan than biblical, mature body despite his youth (hearkens to Doryphorus), large head (intelligence) and manu fortis (strong of hands from the bible), uncircumcised to be seen as a Christian hero, anticipates the action to come

Name: The Creation of Adam

Artist: Michelangelo

Location: Sistine Chapel, Vatican, Rome

Period: High Renaissance

Medium: fresco

Significance: God as an active agent and Adam as passive dwelling in the mud, new way to understand an old subject (life passing from hand to hand), not a two person composition but many figures, pose of Adam is artificial (relaxed but tense) which hearkens to Greek antiquity, center narrative of the entire ceiling of narratives

Name: Libyan Sibyl

Artist: Michelangelo

Location: Sistine Chapel, Vatican, Rome

Period: High Renaissance

Medium: fresco

Significance: caught her in the midst of motion (pivoting on toe, articulate muscle, turning and twisting), used male models and had to adjust her face to be female, made a lot of prelim drawings with articulate back musculature

Name: The Fall of Man and The Expulsion from the Garden of Eden

Artist: Michelangelo

Location: Sistine Chapel, Vatican, Rome

Period: High Renaissance

Medium: fresco

Significance: two scenes present in one space, reinvents the scene with Adam reaching for the apple of his own volition, pose of oneness unaware of sex, bodies are much more flushy and naturalistic (revival of interest in antiquity), one of a a large number of biblical scenes on the largest expansive fresco ever

Name: The School of Athens

Artist: Raphael

Location: Stanza della Segnatura, Vatican, Rome

Period: High Renaissance

Medium: fresco

Significance: embodiment of the classical spirit of the high renaissance, all the greatest thinkers brought together supposed to be recognized by the viewer, each person doing something characteristic, organized in groups of discussion, places great philosophy in Rome rather than Greece with the architecture of St. Peters in the background

Name: The Tempest

Artist: Girogione

Location: Venice, Italy

Period: High Renaissance

Medium: oil on canvas

Significance: use of oil allows layering and deep rich colors, enigmatic picture - not a traditional subject, thinking mostly about landscape, painting to inspire conversation

Name: The Calling of St. Matthew

Artist: Caravaggio

Location: Contarelli Chapel, Rome, Italy

Period: Baroque

Medium: oil on canvas

Significance: ambiguous scene - biblical scene made not as spiritual, use of chiaroscuro (Caravaggio's invention) to highlight stark contrast between light and dark and add drama, difficult to tell who the protagonists are

Name: Self-Portrait as the Allegory of Painting

Artist: Artemisia Gentileschi

Location: Rome, Italy

Period: Baroque

Medium: oil on canvas

Significance: simultaneously painting and dressed as a noblewoman, showing off her talent, meta - just starting to paint the canvas (maybe this canvas?), shows herself as intelligent and wealthy

Name: Judith and her Maiden with the Head of Holofernes

Artist: Artemisia Gentileschi

Location: Rome, Italy

Period: Baroque

Medium: oil on canvas

Significance: places viewer insider the tent as a participant, dramatic and intense, disturbance outside of the tent? hushed, question of intersection of bio and painting because the artist was raped - still likely a painting for mass consumption

Name: David

Artist: Gianlorenzo Bernini

Location: Rome, Italy

Period: Baroque

Medium: marble

Significance: hearkens to Diskobolus in stance, moment of unleashing energy in a violent way, realistic expression on the face - grimacing (Bernini stuck hand in fire to see his face in pain)

Name: The Ecstasy of St. Teresa

Artist: Gianlorenzo Bernini

Location: Rome, Italy

Period: Baroque

Medium: marble

Significance: sensual interaction between St. Teresa and the angel, theatrical lighting inspired by the Pantheon - pieces build together to highlight each other, adopted sexual pieces of antiquity for a biblical scene, Cornaro family carved on the side reacting to the scene

Name: The Water Carrier of Seville

Artist: Diego Velazquez

Location: Spain

Period: Baroque

Medium: oil on canvas

Significance: genre painting - everyday life, very still painting, gives a man with very low profession dignity, emphasize the lower class, contrast with noble youth, well crafted clay pots

Name: Las Meninas

Artist: Diego Velazquez

Location: Madrid, Spain

Period: Baroque

Medium: oil on canvas

Significance: genre scene - ordinary moment, giant painting so the figures are life-size, interrupting the painting of a portrait - ambiguous, half of the painting devoted to the room/space, presence of the king and queen? reactions?

Name: The Garden of Love

Artist: Peter Paul Rubens

Location: Flanders

Period: Baroque

Medium: oil on canvas

Significance: tentative 16 year old girl being introduced to society, surrounded by her friends and family, the subject of love (first time this was really being portrayed), symbols - Venus squeezing her breast (fertility), depicted in front of his house, pseudo-mythological setting

Name: The Jewish Cemetery

Artist: Jacob van Ruisdael

Location: The Netherlands

Period: Baroque

Medium: oil on canvas

Significance: natural forces dominate the scene - natural power, no human presence but the ruins of man, large Catholic abbey with a Jewish cemetery (nonrealistic), vanitas - a memorial to the brevity of life with the cemetery

Name: Woman Holding a Balance

Artist: Jan Vermeer

Location: The Netherlands

Period: Baroque

Medium: oil on canvas

Significance: genre picture? - no real subject, Last Judgment on the wall behind her reflecting her action of weighing, vanitas picture? - transience of life as our souls will be weighed, ambiguous

Name: The Jolly Troper

Artist: Frans Hals

Location: The Netherlands

Period: Baroque

Medium: oil on canvas

Significance: direct engagement with the spectator as if he wants us to drink with him, is this a portrait? who would want a portrait of this random drunk?, use fast big brush strokes so the painting is very alive, probably painted for the market

Narrative (History Painting)

Portrait

Genre

Landscape

Animal

Still Life

Name: Self-Portrait

Artist: Judith Leyster

Location: The Netherlands

Period: Baroque

Medium: oil on canvas

Significance: through the painting describes herself as a great artist and a smart, wealthy woman, both a portrait and portraying herself as a painted of genre paintings, indicating her new professional status

Name: Self-Portrait

Artist: Rembrandt van Rijn

Location: Netherlands (born in free Neth.)

Period: Baroque

Medium: oil on canvas

Significance: made around 100 portraits (this was a late one), penetrating expression but firm resolve that seems noble, employs light like Caravaggio (chiaroscuro), dresses himself up like a sultan, fills the canvas, looks inside the man's mind

Name: The Blinding of Samson

Artist: Rembrandt van Rijn

Location: Netherlands (born in free Neth.)

Period: Baroque

Medium: oil on canvas

Significance: the viewer is inside the tent like an accomplice of the action, dark inside and light outside (chiaroscuro adds theatricality), narrative in descending diagonals, very large painting for an elite patron, naturalism of expression (curled toes in pain)

Name: The Night Watch

Artist: Rembrandt van Rijn

Location: Netherlands (born in free Neth.)

Period: Baroque

Medium: oil on canvas

Significance: portrait for a shooting company done in an entirely different way, created a history painting of the men marching out of a building, viewer engulfed as they march to us, use of red and yellow to guide the viewer's eye, three stages of shooting a musket represented

Name: Example of Still Lives

Artist: Little Dutch Masters

Location: Netherlands

Period: Baroque

Medium: oil on canvas

Significance: little vigniettes of beautiful things about vanitas - the brevity of life, reflective of Holland's huge flower economy, made for consumption by the masses

Name: Bacchanal of the Adrians

Artist: Titian

Location: Venice, Italy

Period: High Renaissance

Medium: oil on canvas

Significance: viewer as participant in the painting, use of Birth of Venus painting in the foreground, drapery to animate and show movement, contrast of color to make come alive, interest in landscape (Giorgione influence)

Name: Man with a Blue Sleeve

Artist: Titian

Location: Venice, Italy

Period: High Renaissance

Medium: oil on canvas

Significance: interacting with the viewer, flesh and alive-like, the painter is identified rather than the subject (declaration of the artist), active and engaged

Name: Self-Portrait

Artist: Albrecht Durer

Location: Germany

Period: High Renaissance (Northern)

Medium: oil on canvas

Significance: furlined coat makes him look fancy - depicted as a gentleman rather than a craftsman, written in Latin the language of intelligence, depicts his hand, looks like Jesus, very bold

Name: Melencolia I

Artist: Albrecht Durer

Location: Germany

Period: High Renaissance (Northern)

Medium: engraving - intaglio (mark in Copper plate)

Significance: high level of detail, precision, 1 of 4 personality traits (the humors), melancholy associated with creative people

Name: The Blind Leading the Blind

Artist: Pieter Bruegel

Location: Belgium

Period: High Renaissance (Northern)

Medium: oil on panel

Significance: large painting of a proverb, composition helps interpretation (left to write reading, church in background enforces wisdom of sermons), poor subjects, viewer positioned on other side of the ditch so we can't fall, naturalistic landscape

Name: Peasant Wedding

Artist: Pieter Bruegel

Location: Belgium

Period: High Renaissance (Northern)

Medium: oil on panel

Significance: crowded scene, men in the middle of motion (person in red has three legs), lots of drinking has occurred, left to right narrative, shift of subject matter throughout the scene

Name: The Hunters in the Snow

Artist: Pieter Bruegel

Location: Belgium

Period: High Renaissance (Northern)

Medium: oil on panel

Significance: moves from left to right (largest figures on the left, warmest colors on the left, trees lead perspective down hill), distance achieved through composition, 3 birds show the movement of taking off

Name: The Oath of the Horatii

Artist: Jacques-Louis David

Location: Rome (French Painter)

Period: Enlightenment/Neo-Classicism

Medium: oil on canvas

Significance: severe excellent drawing, history painting of the fight for the death for Rome, women portrayed as victimes, religion of the state - the state takes preeminence, classical style - story of the past relevant to the present revolution, harsh geometry

Name: The Death of Marat

Artist: Jacques-Louis David

Location: France

Period: Enlightenment/Neo-Classicism

Medium: oil on canvas

Significance: piece of propaganda, violence removed - very peaceful still shot, glorified, includes the quill with which he wrote to defend the French republic, murder weapon close to the viewer, Christ-like, large black space with gradation from dark to light

Name: The Death of General Wolfe

Artist: Benjamin West

Location: American in Britain

Period: Enlightenment/Neo-Classicism

Medium: oil on canvas

Significance: history painting of the French and Indian war, different because he is painting a contemporary history scene (marks the beginning of this convention), the viewer is in the circle surrounding Wolfe, romantic - death a noble act, the clouds and the folded flag signifying loss, past inspiring new pictures - Native American posed modeled on Sistine & Wolfe pose modeled on elgin marble & totale composition modeled on Lamentation by Giotto

Name: The Nightmare

Artist: John Henry Fuseli

Location: Swiss working in England

Period: Romanticism

Medium: oil on canvas

Significance: loss of consciousness - what is real?, confusion at what stimulates our own imagination, unconventional subject and very personal images, grotesque creatures, move from naturalism, sexual and sensual

Name: The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters

Artist: Francisco Goya

Location: Spain

Period: Romanticism

Medium: etching - aquatint print

Significance: reflective of romanticism - an attitude of the mind and reason/enlightenment, aristocrat is writing and falls asleep > nightmares and loss of control over reason, humans are more irrational than rational (our fear), Goya is announcing his right to abandon reason and use his imagination, owls and bats = folly and ignorance

Name: The Family of Charles IV

Artist: Francisco Goya

Location: Spain

Period: Romanticism

Medium: oil on canvas

Significance: life size masterpiece, exposes family's basic humanness rather than divine right, compares to Las Meninas, look like simple people, King shown as vacuous - context of France invading Spain, mastery in painting the children, point of the painting is how the viewer looks at it

Name: The Third of May 1808

Artist: Francisco Goya

Location: Spain

Period: Romanticism

Medium: oil on canvas

Significance: painted 6 years after the event - contemporary journalism, martyr wearing bright white, faces of victims are individualized in opposition to the uniformity of the French soldiers, sympathy of Spanish vs. murdering machine of the French, in the midst of action - moment of anticipation, closest figure to us is dead on ground, down to earth appeal to emotions, Madrid in the background

Name: The Haywain

Artist: John Constable

Location: England

Period: Romanticism

Medium: oil on canvas

Significance: genre painting of a farm cart, focus on the nature/landscape which absorbs human elements, sensory experience, sky as the chief organ of sentiment, preeminent to impressionists - interest in light and an impresice brush strokes

Name: Hannibal Crossing the Alps

Artist: Joseph Mallord William Turner

Location: England

Period: Romanticism

Medium: oil on canvas

Significance: landscape with a history component, element of the sublime, nature as an overpowering element - the vortext is the most powerful, interest in color (black signifying death), proto-impressionist - high key intense color and loose painting necessary to the significance of the content

Name: The Slave Ship

Artist: Joseph Mallord William Turner

Location: England

Period: Romanticism

Medium: oil on canvas

Significance: landscape is most important, human element comes in with close inspection, contemporary history - English throw slaves overboard to lose weight on ship, swirling vortex of nature, abstract portrayal of the sun, proto-impressionist - high key colors and color contrasts and imprecision of brush

Name: Abbey in an Oak Forest

Artist: Caspar David Friedrich

Location: Germany

Period: Romanticism

Medium: oil on canvas

Significance: passing of an old world, barren haunted feeling - Gothic architecture being claimed as German, nationalist sentiment, death will lead to afterlife/rebirth (vanitas), woods frame the sky (upper 2/3 of painting)

Name: The Oxbow

Artist: Thomas Cole

Location: America

Period: Romanticism

Medium: oil on canvas

Significance: landscape deeply apart of American national sentiment, West vast untamed land, at Mt. Holeoke in Massachussetts, looking West to openness and wilderness as a storm passes, manipulate landscape to inspire emotion, landscape is America's antiquity

Name: The Raft of the Medusa

Artist: Theodore Gericault

Location: France

Period: Romanticism

Medium: oil on canvas

Significance: scandal in France after a shipwreck, historical painting of contemporary event, specific subject made universal, historical approach to creating this painting (interviewed survivors, built replicas), viewer thrown in with the victims, huge paintings so the figures are life size, touches of red keep the eye moving along the canvas, poses inspired by classical antiquity, figures slipping and bloodless

Name: Death of Sardanapalus

Artist: Eugene Delacroix

Location: French working in England

Period: Romanticism

Medium: oil on canvas

Significance: based on a poem by Byron (intersection of British literature and his art), supreme power creates destruction, overcrowded picture with the viewer in the middle of it, everything dissolves into smoke, use of red (blood, destruction, mayhem), reflects Peter Paul Rubens

Name: The Stone Breakers

Artist: Gustave Courbet

Location: France

Period: Realism

Medium: oil on canvas

Significance: subject of the lowest class in society, the boy is too young and the man is too old to work, wearing sabot - the boots of the revolutionary lower class, dry rocky harsh drab feeling, inflammatory painting - Marxist (before Marxism), lack of individuality - standin for everyone

Name: The Third-Class Carriage

Artist: Honore Daumier

Location: France

Period: Realism

Medium: oil on canvas

Significance: realist subject matter moves beyond genre, sympathetic view of the lower class, no space with 12 people in the painting, thin use of paint allows the rough canvas to come through, intrusive on everyone

Name: Impression, Sunrise

Artist: Claude Monet

Location: France

Period: Impressionism

Medium: oil on canvas

Significance: the impression of light (imprecise), swift capture of a moment, using bright colors, plein air - working outdoors, looks unfinished but it's signed

Name: The Luncheon on the Grass

Artist: Edouard Manet

Location: France

Period: Realism & Impressionism (grandfather of impressionism)

Medium: oil on canvas

Significance: absolutely mocked in its time (the salon de refuses), strange ambiguous subject matter that undermines expectations, to inspire thought, very deliberate (based off of a Raphael sketch), visible brush strokes, very little perspective

Name: A Bar at the Folies-Bergere

Artist: Edouard Manet

Location: France

Period: Realism & Impressionism (grandfather of impressionism)

Medium: oil on canvas

Significance: painted loosely with bright colors and a modern/real subject, mirror reflects the world where the viewer is, imprecise reflection of the crowd, vacant expression of the woman - there but not there

Name: The Orchestra of the Paris Opera

Artist: Edgar Degas

Location: France

Period: Impressionism

Medium: oil on canvas

Significance: places the viewer in the orchestra pit (locates spectator like Bernini), claustrophobic like sitting in a theater, inspired by Japanese prints and photography, focus on Degas' friend the bassoonist, lead through the piece via diagonals

Name: On the Bank of the Seine

Artist: Claude Monet

Location: France

Period: Impressionism

Medium: oil on canvas

Significance: plein-air, bright colors (no shading), no disguise of painting with thick brush strokes, captures what he sees rather than what he knows, very little perspective (only the boat adds that)

Name: The Gare Saint-Lazare: Arrival of a Train

Artist: Claude Monet

Location: France

Period: Impressionism

Medium: oil on canvas

Significance: profound interest in urban modern life, did 10 paintings of this subject, trains are a solid existence but pays attention to the steam, effervescent color when the train enters a station, fleeting effect of light, make the industrial world beautiful

Name: Wheatstack, Sun in the Mist

Artist: Claude Monet

Location: France

Period: Impressionism

Medium: oil on canvas

Significance: did a dozen of these paintings, interest in color and how to position complimentary colors to enhance them, sense of time of day due to colors, effects of light on color

Name: Luncheon of the Boating Party

Artist: Auguste Renoir

Location: France

Period: Impressionism

Medium: oil on canvas

Significance: impressionists rethinking whether impressionism is deep enough so he returns to classical tradition with a focus on humans, interested in people's interactions and the intertwining of looks, not an aristocratic group, high key color and apparent brush strokes

Name: The Child's Bath

Artist: Mary Casatt

Location: America

Period: Impressionism

Medium: oil on canvas

Significance: high key color and big brush strokes, interest in people and interior space (different from other impressionists), interest in perfect 3D is less imporant than the shapes in the painting, striped dress is the center (color), inspired by Japanese prints

Name: Mont Sainte-Victoire

Artist: Paul Cezanne

Location: France

Period: Post-Impressionism

Medium: oil on canvas

Significance: painted this subject many times, composed of individual brush strokes, painting the solid permanent form in nature, thinking of the geometry behind nature, worked slowly in comparison to impressionists

Name: Mont Sainte-Victoire Seen from Bibemus Quarry

Artist: Paul Cezanne

Location: France

Period: Post-Impressionism

Medium: oil on canvas

Significance: use big brush to create big slabs of color, precursor to cubism created with paint texture, worked very slowly to capture the underlying geometrical structure of the world

Name: A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte

Artist: Georges Seurat

Location: France

Period: Post-Impressionism (pointilism/divisionism)

Medium: oil on canvas

Significance: trying to locate the scientific component of painting, dividing colors into their primary colors - fragmentation, simplified and abstracted people/images, use of complimentary colors, individual color moments blend together optically, isolated figures in a well composed painting

hue: the specific tone of a color on the color wheel

brightness: relative lightness or darkness of a color

saturation: intensity of a color

Chemical Color

vs.

Optical Color

Chemical color: the colors that artists use to work with

Optical color: the color in the world

Name: The Potato Eaters

Artist: Vincent van Gogh

Location: The Netherlands

Period: Post-Impressionism

Medium: oil on canvas

Significance: use color arbitrarily to express emotion, picture of the earth with earthy color (represented by the potato), low society, small sense of space, dramatic lighting

Name: Night Cafe

Artist: Vincent van Gogh

Location: The Netherlands

Period: Post-Impressionism

Medium: oil on canvas

Significance: exploring emotions in the painting, strange not brilliant lighting - sickly, sense that people are together but isolated, use of complimentary colors that are weird shades (arbitrary use of color to express emotion)

Name: Starry Night

Artist: Vincent van Gogh

Location: The Netherlands

Period: Post-Impressionism

Medium: oil on canvas

Significance: arbitrary use of color to express emotion, great command over his color palette and the composition, controlled brush, landscape flows with energy, capturing the direct light of stars - exaggerated

Name: The Vision after the Sermon (Jacob Wrestling with the Angel)

Artist: Paul Gauguin

Location: France

Period: Post-Impressionism, Nabis

Medium: oil on canvas

Significance: nabis = group of artists looking for religious roots in art, use arbitrary colors, reflecting back on a time when biblical stories were painted (a break of the direction of subject matter at this time), visionary aspect of the Bible, cause the viewer to think about what is happening

Name: Guernica

Artist: Pablo Picasso

Location: Spain

Period: 20th Century, Cubism

Medium: oil on canvas

Significance: journalism in art, use of black and white looks like newsprint/journalism/typeface, no sacrifice or nobility - slaughter, individuals fragmentary like bombs, natural light eradicated, art is propaganda