Term
| some (Sub)Tropical Perennial warm season grasses Grasses |
|
Definition
-Bermudagrass
-Bahiagrass
-Dallisgrass |
|
|
Term
| some annual warm season grasses |
|
Definition
-Sorghum
-Sudangrass
-Sorghum x Sudangrass
-Pearl Millet
-Browntop Millet
-Crabgrass |
|
|
Term
| some details about bermudagrass |
|
Definition
-South African through southeast Asian origin
-Highly variable morphologically
-May have vigorous rhizomes up to 1 m deep
-Also has vigorous stolons
-“Common” bermudagrass – naturalized, very invasive, winter hardy, low quality, low yield
-Introduced to US in 1807 |
|
|
Term
| some details about stargrass |
|
Definition
-Tropical African origin
-Aggressive stolons; NO rhizomes
-No cold tolerance; little drought tolerance
-Can be crossed with bermudagrass, sterile seed |
|
|
Term
| the soils needed by bermudagrass |
|
Definition
| Sandy-loam soils (drainage essential) |
|
|
Term
| pH range for bermudagrass |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of K reqhired by bermudagrass |
|
Definition
| Requires HIGH potassium (K 1/2 of N) |
|
|
Term
| response of bermudagrass to N |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| quality and hardiness of common bermudagrass |
|
Definition
-low quality
-winter hardy |
|
|
Term
| quality and hardiness of stargrass |
|
Definition
-high quality
-winter sensitive |
|
|
Term
| Tifton 85 Hybrid Bermudagrass is a hybrid of... |
|
Definition
| common bermudagrass and stargrass |
|
|
Term
why Tifton 85 Hybrid Bermudagrass
is sterile |
|
Definition
| because it's a hybrid in which one species is tetraploid and the other’s hexaploid, leading to a pentaploid hybrid, which is sterile |
|
|
Term
| amount of seed produced by sterile hybrid offspring of bermudagrass |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how hybrid bermudagrass must be propagated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what vegetative propagules are genetically |
|
Definition
| vegetative propagules are true-to-type (clones) |
|
|
Term
| this practice yields the greatest success with propagating hybrid bermudagrass |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when bermudagrass goes dormant |
|
Definition
| Kinda goes dormant in September |
|
|
Term
| age of plant vs. % digestibility |
|
Definition
| % digestibility goes down as the plant ages |
|
|
Term
| age of plant vs. % protein |
|
Definition
| % protein goes down as the plant ages |
|
|
Term
| Higher ADF means more ______, which means lower ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some characteristics of bermudagrass |
|
Definition
-Sod forming
-High nutritive value if closely grazed +N (+N means fertilized with N)
-Drought tolerance
-Water logging tolerance
-Few disease or insect problems (armyworms)
-Rapid curing for hay
-Rapid regrowth
-Tolerant of frequent harvest thanks to rhizomes and stolons
-N in split applications
-K is necessary for rhizome survival |
|
|
Term
| what makes bermudagrass ideal for hay? |
|
Definition
| Hollow stems and finer leaves make it ideal for hay |
|
|
Term
| growth habit of bahiagrass |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| type of soil bahiagrass grows on |
|
Definition
| low fertility and sandy soils |
|
|
Term
| soil pH bahiagrass grows in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why old types of bahiagrass are very unpalatable |
|
Definition
| because they got lots of silica |
|
|
Term
| something hard to maintain in old types of bahiagrass, but could be easier to maintain in new types |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why it can be hard to maintain companion legumes with bahiagrass |
|
Definition
| I think because of such dense stolons and rhizomes and such |
|
|
Term
| soem bahiagrass varieties that are VERY TOLERANT of close grazing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why the forage quality of bahiagrass is usually lower than other warm season grasses |
|
Definition
| because it produces a lot of seed heads |
|
|
Term
| propagation of bahiagrass |
|
Definition
| Seeded – No sprigging required |
|
|
Term
| New improved varieties of bahiagrass are bred for... |
|
Definition
| more leaf, less stem/rootsvv |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Apply P, K prior to seeding
-Fine firm seed bed necessary
-Small seed
-Plant 35 lbs seed/A (0.5” deep)
-Disk! and roll field to get firm contact
-Apply 30 lbs N/A after 30 days
-Second application of N after 60 days
-Mow to 2-3” high for weed control |
|
|
Term
| Apply this prior to seeding bahiagrass |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| seedbed needed for bahiagrass |
|
Definition
| Fine firm seed bed necessary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| desired planting density for bahiagrass |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| desired planting depth for bahiagrass |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how to prepare the ground for growing bahiagrass |
|
Definition
| Disk! and roll field to get firm contact |
|
|
Term
| Apply [how much N/A] 30 days after seeding bahiagrass |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Second application of N [this many days] after seeding bahiagrass |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mow bahiagrass to [this height] for weed control |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the genetic characteristics of most bahiagrasses |
|
Definition
| Most bahiagrasses are apomictic tetraploids |
|
|
Term
| the genetics of Pensacola bahiagrass |
|
Definition
| ‘Pensacola’ is a cross-pollinated diploid |
|
|
Term
| the genetics of Tifton 9 bahiagrass |
|
Definition
| ‘Tifton 9’ newer variety selected for higher yield (out of Pensacola) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Apomictic means they produce seed w/o fertilization |
|
|
Term
| You need ______ to maintain apomictic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which grass has a higher yield? bahia or bermuda/stargrass |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which grass has a higher nutritive value? bahia or bermuda? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| something bahia grass can tolerate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| “Tifton 9” bahiagrass was selected to... |
|
Definition
| increase above-ground growth. |
|
|
Term
| an advantage of Tifton 9 bahiagrass over Pensacola bahiagrass |
|
Definition
| Tifton 9 bahiagrass produces 40% more forage than Pensacola |
|
|
Term
| the systems bahiagrass is best suited for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bahiagrass is not for you if you're trying to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an advantage of bahiagrass over other forages |
|
Definition
| it requires less N and tolerates abusive grazing practices. |
|
|
Term
| why bahiagrass tolerates heavy grazing and clipping better than bermudagrass |
|
Definition
| because bahiagrass has higher rhizome density |
|
|
Term
| the type of seeding bahiagrass is not good for |
|
Definition
| Not good for overseeding in winter. |
|
|
Term
| the land to use bahiagrass on |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tolerates broad pH range (5.5-6.5 best) |
|
|
Term
| two things bahiagrass can tolerate |
|
Definition
-tolerates low fertility
-tolerates close grazing |
|
|
Term
| bahiagrass prefers these soils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| description of te rhizomes of bahiagrass |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| competitiveness of bahiagrass with other species |
|
Definition
| competitive with other species |
|
|
Term
| how bahiagrass is propagated |
|
Definition
| seed propagated, but dormancy and slow germination problems |
|
|
Term
| problems with propagating bahiagrass |
|
Definition
-dormancy
-slow germination |
|
|
Term
| some summary details about bahiagrass |
|
Definition
-tolerates broad pH range (5.5-6.5 best)
-tolerates low fertility
-tolerates close grazing
-resistant to most diseases
-prefers sandy soils
-thick vigorous rhizomes
-competitive with other species
-seed propagated, but dormancy and slow germination problems |
|
|
Term
| which grass is more cold tolerant? bermuda or bahia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when bahiagrass is usually established |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why bahiagrass is usually established in early spring |
|
Definition
| to decrease weed competition |
|
|
Term
| how to geraze bahiagrass in establishment year |
|
Definition
| No grazing in establishment year |
|
|
Term
| why you don't graze bahiagrass in establishment year |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how bahiagrass interacts with legumes |
|
Definition
Legumes limited by competitive ability of bahia
white, crimson, arrowleaf clovers OK, but need to bring pH up and fertilize |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 genetic categories of bahiagrass |
|
Definition
-Sexual diploids
-Apomictic tetraploids |
|
|
Term
| cultivars of bahiagrass that are Sexual diploids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tifton 9 bahiagrass improved for... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cultivars of bahiagrass that are Apomictic tetraploids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a characteristic of the genetic diversity of Apomictic tetraploids |
|
Definition
| seed identical to parents |
|
|
Term
| description of the Argentine cultivar of bahiagrass |
|
Definition
| leafier than diploid, fewer panicles |
|
|
Term
| advantages of polyploid cultivars of bahiagrass |
|
Definition
| Polyploids always get more biomass and more vigor and such; more vigorous plants |
|
|
Term
| Bermuda grass does best on ______ soils. Bahia on ______ soils. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some details about Dallisgrass |
|
Definition
-Permanent pasture
-Clay/loam soils with moisture
-Best in 35” rainfall or higher
-Early spring greenup; late fall die back
-High basal leaf area, which leads to higher tolerance to grazing
-Low production
-Establishment difficult
-Seed production difficult; ergot production by fungus in seedhead |
|
|
Term
| the kind of pasture dallisgrass is found in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the soils best for dallisgrass |
|
Definition
| Clay/loam soils with moisture |
|
|
Term
| the amount of rainfall best for dallisgrass |
|
Definition
| Best in 35” rainfall or higher |
|
|
Term
| seasonal growth habit of dallisgrass |
|
Definition
| Early spring greenup; late fall die back |
|
|
Term
| tolerance of dallisgrass to grazing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why dallisgrass has a high grazing tolerance |
|
Definition
| because it has a high basal leaf area |
|
|
Term
| amount of production from dallisgrass |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ease of establishment of dallisgrass |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ease of dallisgrass seed production |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| something bad that happens to dallisgrass seedhead |
|
Definition
| ergot production by fungus in seedhead |
|
|
Term
| some details about Elephantgrass (Napiergrass) |
|
Definition
-Tropical grass
-High yielding
-Very frost intolerant; this is why it couldn’t last more than 2 seasons
-Needs well-drained soils, pH>5.5
-Propagated by stem cuttings; this is actually a similarity to sugarcane
-Difficult to manage (grows too fast)
-OK for silage
-‘Mott’ dwarf elephantgrass-higher quality |
|
|
Term
| the type of grass Elephantgrass (Napiergrass) is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of yield from Elephantgrass (Napiergrass) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tolerance of Elephantgrass (Napiergrass) to frost |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why Elephantgrass (Napiergrass) couldn't last more than 2 seasons |
|
Definition
| because it's very frost intolerant |
|
|
Term
| how Elephantgrass (Napiergrass) is propagated |
|
Definition
| Propagated by stem cuttings; this is actually a similarity to sugarcane |
|
|
Term
| ease of managing elephantgrass (napiergrass) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why elephantgrass (napiergrass) is hard to manage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| effectiveness of elephantgrass (napiergrass) for silage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| type of elephantgrass (napiergrass) that's higher quality |
|
Definition
| ‘Mott’ dwarf elephantgrass-higher quality |
|
|
Term
| some Bioenergy Opportunities for switchgrass |
|
Definition
-fermentation
-gasification
-direct burning |
|
|
Term
| something you need for fermentation of switchgrass |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| do you need coal for direct burning? |
|
Definition
| no; this can be used with coal |
|
|
Term
| some ways to improve Bermudagrass Pasture by overseeding |
|
Definition
-Overseeding with annual ryegrass
-Overseeding with annual clovers or red clover |
|
|
Term
| Red clover will give you good production for about [this many years] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the type of p'synth used by warm season grasses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some details about pearl millet and sorghum |
|
Definition
-Some of world’s oldest cultivated plants
-Millet - Center of origin appears to be Ethiopia
-Sorghum – Center of origin in northwestern Africa
+Sorghum is valuable because of its tolerance to drought
-Both originally grown as tall crops used for grain
-Adapted to dry regions of the world
-Sandy loam soils best – drainage important
-Water use efficiency – Millet > Sorghum > Corn
-Respond to drought by increasing tillering
-Rapid and deep root penetration |
|
|
Term
| center of origin for pearl millet |
|
Definition
| Center of origin appears to be Ethiopia |
|
|
Term
| center of origin for sorghum |
|
Definition
| Center of origin in northwestern Africa |
|
|
Term
| Sorghum is valuable because of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how sorghum and pearl millet were originally grown |
|
Definition
| Both originally grown as tall crops used for grain |
|
|
Term
| sorghum and pearl millet are adapted to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| best soils for sorghum and pearl millet |
|
Definition
| Sandy loam soils best – drainage important |
|
|
Term
| sorghum, pearl millet, and corn in order of water use efficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how sorghum and pearl millet respond to drought |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| root penetration of sorghum and pearl millet |
|
Definition
| Rapid and deep root penetration |
|
|
Term
| what grazing animals are designed to digest instead of corn |
|
Definition
-fiber
-cellulose
-hemicellulose
not corn and such |
|
|
Term
| what pearl millet looks like in most of the world |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what pearl millet looks like in Georgia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of seed produced by pearl millet |
|
Definition
| The seed head produces lots of seed |
|
|
Term
| The seed head of pearl millet is vulnerable to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the seed of pearl millet has lots of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In Georgia, pearl millet has been selected for... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why pearl millet is short in Georgia |
|
Definition
| because of dwarf gene, which diverts energy from vegetative parts to grain production |
|
|
Term
| how summer annuals can be seeded |
|
Definition
| Summer annuals can be seeded into dead winter sod directly or seeded into clean-tilled fields |
|
|
Term
| the soil temperature needed to seed summer annuals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of seed to plant when seeding summer annuals |
|
Definition
| Plant 25 lbs seed on narrow rows |
|
|
Term
| how far apart the rows should be when planting summer annuals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of P and K needed whrn seeding summer annuals |
|
Definition
| Needs 30-60 lbs/A P and K, VERY EFFICIENT |
|
|
Term
| amount of N to apply when seeding summer annuals |
|
Definition
| Responds to N up to 200 lbs/A, but more than 100 lbs/A is considered wasteful |
|
|
Term
| when to apply N when growing summer annuals |
|
Definition
| Use split applications, at planting and again after grazed |
|
|
Term
| when to graze a summer annual |
|
Definition
| Graze when plant reaches 15-18 inches in height |
|
|
Term
| amount of stubble to leave after grazing a summer annual |
|
Definition
| leave 9-12 inches stubble |
|
|
Term
| how most warm season summer annuals are propagated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most warm season annual hybrids are vegetatively propagated due to... |
|
Definition
| lesser ability to use seeds. |
|
|
Term
| why be mindful of temp when planting warm season grasses? |
|
Definition
| Be mindful of temperature because high temp is suitable for warm season grasses. |
|
|
Term
| why you gotta leave some green material when you clip annuals |
|
Definition
| so they can photosynthesize and grow back |
|
|
Term
| When you put plants too close to each other,... |
|
Definition
| they compete with each other and not grow very tall. |
|
|
Term
| when you can start grazing warm season annual grasses |
|
Definition
| Generally, grazing can begin 40-60 days after planting |
|
|
Term
| how you can graze warm season annual grasses |
|
Definition
| Can rotationally graze for 90 days |
|
|
Term
| dry matter production of warm season annual grasses |
|
Definition
| high – 10,000 lbs DM/A (clipped plots) |
|
|
Term
| when warm season annual grasses go dormant |
|
Definition
| virtually shuts down in September and October |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In vitro dry matter digestibility |
|
|
Term
| NDF basically measures... |
|
Definition
| total cell wall content in the plant |
|
|
Term
| When you reduce the amount of lignin, the plants become more vulnerable to... |
|
Definition
| lodging, which is falling over. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The brown rib mutation changes... |
|
Definition
| the amount of lignin in the cell wall. |
|
|
Term
| something toxic that is widespread in sorghums |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prussic acid in sorghums leads to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dhurrin (prussic acid) is most prevalent in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why sorghum has Dhurrin (prussic acid) |
|
Definition
| uses it to protect itself |
|
|
Term
| sorghum plant diverts ______ to utilize Dhurrin (prussic acid) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prussic Acid present in this part of the sorghum plant |
|
Definition
| young tissues or stressed tissues |
|
|
Term
| environmental causes of stress in sorghum plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cyanide is rapidly absorbed from... |
|
Definition
| the stomach, lungs, mucosal surfaces, and unbroken skin. |
|
|
Term
| what cyanide does that makes it deadly |
|
Definition
| Cyanide inhibits mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase and hence blocks electron transport. No aerobic respiration occurs. |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of prussic acid poisoning |
|
Definition
*death 2-3 minutes after signs develop.
*act excited, apprehensive, generalized muscle tremors
*rapid breathing, dyspnea (open mouth), gasping
*increased salivation
*involuntary urination and defecation
*clonic convulsions (muscles contract, relax)
*dilated pupils
*mucous membranes bright pink, blood very bright red |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A concentration greater than 0.1 percent of dry tissue is considered highly dangerous. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| oxygen from getting into the mitochondria. |
|
|
Term
| Varieties of sorghum used for forage are being selected for... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some details about nitrate poisoning |
|
Definition
-nitrates build up after drought, esp. on heavily fertilized pastures
-problem in sorghum/sudan, millets, wheat
-remains in hay |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nitrates build up after drought, esp. on heavily fertilized pastures |
|
|
Term
| forages in which nitrate poisoning is a problem |
|
Definition
-sorghum/sudan
-millets
-wheat |
|
|
Term
| some details about prussic acid |
|
Definition
-builds up after frost esp. in young tissue
+Sorghum/sudangrasses; Not in pearl millet
-causes suffocation
-hay and silage OK after short period |
|
|
Term
| when prussic acid builds up |
|
Definition
| builds up after frost esp. in young tissue |
|
|
Term
| forages in which prussic acid can be a problem |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| something prussic acid causes in animals that consume it |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what forages containing prussic acid are good for and when |
|
Definition
| hay and silage OK after short period |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
